UNIT 2: Classification of Various Art

Forms in
the Philippines
Lesson 1: Performing Arts in the Philippines
Lesson 2: Visual Arts in the Philippines
Classification of Various Art
Forms in the Philippines
• In this unit, we will discuss the materials and approaches used by the
artist.
• The material or medium refers to what the artist uses in his creation.
• The approaches or techniques deal with the methods involved in the
process of artistic production.
• This unit aims to give you a better analysis of artworks and disciplines
through an understanding of the materials and approaches that make
each unique.
Classification of Various Art
Forms in the Philippines

Filipino Struggles Through History (1963) by Carlos Francisco (left) and Bonifacio Monument by
Guillermo Tolentino (right)
Lesson 1: Performing Arts in the Philippines
• Performing arts involve a performer (usually a
person) undertaking certain actions and
movements usually accompanied by sound in a
particular space and time for an audience.
• What sets performing arts apart from other art
forms is how it uses the human body as part of
its medium and its dependency on time and
space.
• Performing arts is defined by its
interdisciplinarity and how it integrates various
art forms.
Three kinds of performing art forms classified according to the material
used.

• Auditory
• Kinesthetic
• Dramatics
Auditory
•Auditory for music, which has the following elements:
a. Rhythm - movement, fluctuation, or variation marked by the regular recurrence or
natural flow of related elements
b. Pitch - highness or lowness of sound
c. Melody - a rhythmic succession of single tones organized as an aesthetic whole
d. Musical Notations - the act, process, method, or an instance of representing by a system
or set of marks, signs, figures, or characters used in music
e. Harmony - the combination of simultaneous musical notes in a chord
f. Timbre - the perceived sound quality of a musical tone which sets it apart from
other tones. This may be described as soft, rough, hoarse, cold, and other similar
adjectives.
Kinesthetic

• Kinesthetic for dance, which has the following elements:

a. Human body - the body is the center of the performance activity. It
performs the actions and movements necessary to the piece. With that, it is
considered to be the main medium in performing arts.
b. Arrangement or pattern - the movements and steps which enable the
performers to perform in an organized manner.
c. Time and space - performing arts depend highly on time and space. The
other elements must all come together to complement the available and
selected time and space.
Dramatics

• Dramatics for theatre, which has the following elements:

a. Stage direction - instructions indicating movement, blockings or
positions, and other nuances in the performers’ speaking, movement, and
acting
b. Narratology - the narrative structure of the piece
c. Scenic design - the artistic design that creates the background or scene to
complement the performances
• In the Philippines, performing arts is shaped by the country’s long history of
colonization and characterized by the diverse cultural practices within the
nation. In general, Philippine performing arts have its roots in the indigenous
practice of rituals. It is believed that the rituals of early Filipino ancestors is
the very origins of theatre arts in the country. After all, it fulfills all the
necessary materials needed in theatre. The shamans or babaylans perform a
ritual that involve going through a trance; its choreography usually involves
the partaking of an animal sacrifice. This is accompanied by the chanting of
the crowd or even rhythmic playing of indigenous musical instruments.
Further, it is done usually in front of an audience or the entire community.
• Art in the Philippines is influenced by the various colonizers that came and
went to the country. These elements prevail until today.
Lesson 2: Visual Arts in the Philippines
• Some works of art are considered visual in
nature. In order to understand and appreciate
the nature of visual art, it is important to
distinguish the different forms of visual art.
• Mainly, there are three types of visual arts
categorized according to their materials and
approaches used.
• Two-Dimensional Expression
• Three-Dimensional Expression
• Multi-Dimensional Expression
Two-Dimensional Expression
• Two-Dimensional Expression is mainly flat
because it only has length and width as its
dimensions. There are several techniques that
utilize this, namely:
a. Alla Prima - also known as wet-on-wet or
when you paint over a layer of wet paint
b. Encaustic - also known as hot wax painting or
when you add pigment to beeswax and use it to
paint
Two-Dimensional Expression
c. Tempera Painting - adding pigment to water-soluble
binder medium such as egg yolk
d. Fresco - a mural painting technique that involves
painting over fresh plaster
e. Water Color - when pigments are suspended in a water-
based solution
f. Oil on Canvas - adding pigments to drying oil for
binder
g. Mosaic - when small pieces are assembled together
(such as glass, stone, seeds, etc) to form an image
Two-Dimensional Expression
h. Stained Glass - when an artwork is made with
coloured glass
i. Tapestry - textile art woven on a vertical loom
j. Drawing - using a writing material (pen, pencil,
marker, etc) to mark a two-dimensional canvas
such as paper and form an image
k. Printing - when an image is formed using a
master template
l. Photography - creating images with light
 “Spoliarium” is among the notable art pieces of Filipino painter Juan Luna. It
features the bloody gladiator matches of Romans but is also an allegory to the despair
and abuses Filipinos suffered from during the Spanish reign in the country.
Three-Dimensional Expression
• Three-dimensional objects also has length, width, and
volume. There are several techniques under this category,
namely:
a. Molding - reshaping a three-dimensional object such as
marble or plaster to create a new form
b. Carving - scraping off parts of a material (often wood) to
create a new form
c. Etching - using a strong acid on a surface to create a
design
d. Installing - a site-specific artwork designed to transform
and include space in its message
 Bul'uls are used in ceremonies associated with rice production and with healing.
15th century bulul with a pamahan (ceremonial bowl) in the Louvre Museum. Bul'uls
is a carved wooden figure used to guard the rice crop by the Ifugao (and their sub-
tribe Kalanguya) peoples of northern Luzon.
Multi-Dimensional Expression
• Multi-dimensional expression uses length,
width, mass, time and space as its dimensions
and it uses various techniques. The techniques
are as follows:
a. Lashed construction
b. Truss Construction
c. Post and lintel construction
d. Cantilever
e. Arches
Lashing construction
• Lashing is the technique of
binding two or more materials
together in order to build a
structure. It can be something as
simple as extending a pole to
raise a flag, a tripod for cooking,
or as complex as a tower or
bridge.
Truss Construction
• A metal or wood framework
consisting of rafters, posts, and
struts, supporting a roof,
bridge, or other structure.
Post and lintel construction
• The post-and-lintel system is a
simple method of construction
involving the use of vertical and
horizontal elements.
• The verticals support the
horizontals, creating one storey
of a building.
Cantilever
• A cantilever beam is a
rigid structural element
supported at one end and
free at the other
Arches
• Arches are spaces between two
structures (columns) that feature
a curve spanning the top of the
space.
The Arch of the Centuries is a triumphal arch at the Plaza Intramuros of the
University of Santo Tomas in Manila, in the Philippines that stands meters away
from the university's Millennium Gate along España Boulevard.
THANK YOU!