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Local Media2171150065851305835
Local Media2171150065851305835
Gauss’s Law
Electric Field Lines
• Electric field lines (convenient for visualizing electric
field patterns) – lines pointing in the direction of the
field vector at any point
ΦE = EA
Electric Flux
• The electric flux is proportional to the number of
electric field lines penetrating some surface
• Then
EA cos E A
E lim
Ai 0
E
Ai i
E E dA
surface
Electric Flux
• The surface integral means the integral must be
evaluated over the surface in question
• SI units: N.m2/C
E lim
Ai 0
E
Ai i
E E dA
surface
Electric Flux, Closed Surface
• For a closed surface, by convention, the A vectors
are perpendicular to the surface at each point and
point outward
• (2) θ = 90o, Φ = 0
E E dA En dA
Electric Flux, Closed Surface
• Example: flux through a cube
• Side 1: Φ = – E l2
• Side 2: Φ = E l2
• Therefore, Φtotal = 0
Chapter 21
Problem 44
What’s the flux through the hemispherical open surface of radius
R in a uniform field of magnitude E shown in the figure?
Chapter 21
Problem 23
The electric field on the surface of a 10-cm-diameter sphere is
perpendicular to the sphere and has magnitude 47 kN/C. What’s
the electric flux through the sphere?
Gauss’ Law
Carl Friedrich Gauss
1777 – 1855
• Gauss’ Law: electric flux through any closed surface is
proportional to the net charge Q inside the surface
1 /ε 0 4 π k e
• The area in Φ is an imaginary Gaussian surface (does not
have to coincide with the surface of a physical object)
Gauss’ Law
• A positive point charge q is located at the center of a
sphere of radius r
• Asphere = 4πr2
E E dA E dA
q 2 q
ke 2 4r 4k e q
r 0
Gauss’ Law
• Gaussian surfaces of various shapes
can surround the charge (only S1 is
spherical)
Q Q 0
E 2 ke
4 0 r r 2
• For r < a
2 qin
E E dA E dA E 4r
0
E
3
4r / 3
r
2
4 0 r 3 0
Field Due to a Spherically Symmetric
Charge Distribution
• Inside the sphere, E varies
linearly with r (E → 0 as r → 0)
Chapter 21:
Problem 22
± 490 N ⋅ m2/C
Answers to Even Numbered Problems
Chapter 21:
Problem 26
Chapter 21:
Problem 34
Chapter 21:
Problem 40
160 kN/C
Answers to Even Numbered Problems
Chapter 21:
Problem 58
58 nC/m2