MOTOR GASOLINE

TESTS & SIGNIFICANCE

BATCH FORMATION TESTS

APPEARANCE
COLOUR
DENSITY
TOTAL SULPHUR
DISTILLATION
RESEARCH OCTANE NO. (RON)
Cu STRIP CORROSION @ 50⁰C
GUM CONTENT
 APPEARANCE

CLEAR, BRIGHT AND VISUALLY FREE FROM SOLID MATTER AND

UNDISSOLVED WATER AT NORMAL AMBIENT TEMPERATURE

 APPEARANCE : BRIGHT & CLEAR

 COLOUR : ORANGE
 DENSITY

MASS/VOLUME

DENSITY PROVIDES CHECK

ON UNIFORMITY OF
SHIPMENT.

720 TO 775 KG/M3

 DENSITY

 DENSITY : ASTM D 4052 / ISO-12185 / IS 1448 P:16

 EQUIPMENT : HYDROMETER, GLASS JAR, THERMOMETER -

IP- 64C / ASTM - 12C

 SIGNIFICANCE-HELPS TO COMPETE WEIGHT - VOLUME RELATIONSHIP.

 ASSISTS IN DETECTING CONTAMINATION IN COMPARISON TO PARENT

FIGURE IN FUELS.

 SERVES AS BASIC GUIDE FOR PRODUCT MOVEMENT.

 DISTILLATION

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF
DISTILLATION RESULTS IS BASED
ON CLOSE RELATIONSHIP TO
VOLATILITY
DISTILLATION TEMPERATURES

INITIAL BOILING POINT (IBP)

THE TEMPERATURE AT WHICH THE FIRST DROP
OF DISTILLATE IS COLLECTED IN THE
RECEIVING CYLINDER.

END POINT OR FINAL BOILING POINT (FBP)

THE HIGHEST TEMPERATURE RECORDED
DURING THE DISTILLATION PROCESS.
DISTILLATION TEMPERATURE
(continued)

RECOVERY
THE TOTAL VOLUME OF DISTILLATE
RECOVERED IN THE CYLINDER.
RESIDUE
MATERIAL REMAINED IN THE FLASK AFTER
DISTILLATION. IF RESIDUE IS HIGH IT GIVES
THE INDICATION OF IMPURITY.
 DISTILLATION

 REQUIREMENT

 RECOVERY UP TO 70⁰C ,PERCENT BY VOLUME : 10-45 ML

 RECOVERY UP TO 100⁰C ,PERCENT BY VOLUME: 40-70 ML

 RECOVERY UP TO 150⁰C ,PERCENT BY VOLUME, MIN : 75 ML

 FINAL BOILING POINT, ⁰C , MAX : 210 ⁰C

 RESIDUE, PERCENT BY VOLUME MAX : 2 ML

 DISTILLATION

 DISTILLATION : ASTM D 86/ISO 3405 / IS 1448 : P 18

 EQUIPMENT : FRONT VIEW DISTILLATION,AUTO

DISTILLATION APPARATUS, THERMOMETER -
IP 5C/ASTM 7C

: DISTILLATION FLASK-125ml MEASURING CYLINDER (100 ML)

 SIGNIFICANCE : THE DISTILLATION (VOLATILITY) CHARACTERISTICS OF

HYDROCARBONS HAVE AN IMPORTANT EFFECT ON THEIR SAFETY AND PERFORMANCE.

 THE BOILING RANGE GIVES INFORMATION ON THE COMPOSITION, THE PROPERTIES,

AND THE BEHAVIOR OF THE FUEL DURING STORAGE AND USE.

 VOLATILITY IS THE MAJOR DETERMINANT OF THE TENDENCY OF A HYDROCARBON

MIXTURE TO PRODUCE POTENTIALLY EXPLOSIVE VAPOUR. 
 RESEARCH OCTANE NUMBER

A MEASURE OF FULES
ABILITY TO PREVENT
DETONATION IN A SPARK
IGNITION ENGINE”

MIN. 91 FOR 91 GRADE & 95 FOR 95 GRADE

 RESEARCH OCTANE NUMBER

 RON : ASTM 2699 / IS 1448 : P 27

 EQUIPMENT : CFR ENGINE

 SIGNIFICANCE : RESEARCH O.N. CORRELATES WITH COMMERCIAL

AUTOMOTIVE SPARK-IGNITION ENGINE ANTIKNOCK PERFORMANCE UNDER
MILD CONDITIONS OF OPERATION.

  RESEARCH O.N. IS USED FOR MEASURING THE ANTIKNOCK PERFORMANCE

OF SPARK-IGNITION ENGINE FUELS THAT CONTAIN OXYGENATES.
 
 MOTOR OCTANE NUMBER

THE WHOLE NUMBER NEAREST THE

PERCENTAGE BY VOLUME OF ISO-OCTANE (2,
2, 4 TRIMETHYLPENTANE) IN A BLEND WITH
NORMAL HEPTANE THAT MATCHES THE
KNOCK CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FUEL
WHEN COMPARING WITH THIS METHOD.

MIN. 81 FOR 91 GRADE & 85 FOR 95 GRADE

 MOTOR OCTANE NUMBER

 RON : ASTM D 2700 / IS 1448 : P 26

 EQUIPMENT : CFR ENGINE

 SIGNIFICANCE : MOTOR O.N. CORRELATES WITH COMMERCIAL AUTOMOTIVE

SPARK-IGNITION ENGINE ANTIKNOCK PERFORMANCE UNDER SEVERE CONDITIONS
OF OPERATION.
 
 MOTOR O.N. IS USED FOR MEASURING THE ANTIKNOCK PERFORMANCE OF SPARK-
IGNITION ENGINE FUELS THAT CONTAIN OXYGENATES.

 MOTOR O.N. IS IMPORTANT IN RELATION TO THE SPECIFICATIONS FOR SPARK-

IGNITION ENGINE FUELS USED IN STATIONARY AND OTHER NONAUTOMOTIVE
ENGINE APPLICATIONS.
 EXISTENT GUM

EVAPORATION RESIDUE OF
AVIATION FUELS, WITHOUT ANY
FURTHER TREATMENT.

MAX 40 GM/M3
 EXISTENT GUM

 EQUIPMENT : GUM TESTING APPARATUS, THERMOMETER -

IP- 73C / ASTM - 3C

 SIGNIFICANCE- THIS TEST METHOD IS HELPFUL FOR DETERMINING GUM

IN MOTOR GASOLINE.

 HIGH GUM CAN CAUSE INDUCTION-SYSTEM DEPOSITS AND STICKING OF

INTAKE VALVES, AND IN MOST INSTANCES, IT CAN BE ASSUMED THAT
LOW GUM WILL ENSURE ABSENCE OF INDUCTION-SYSTEM DIFFICULTIES.
 
 SULPHUR

0.015% BY MASS, MAX. FOR BS III &

0.005 % BY MASS, MAX FOR BS IV

 EQUIPMENT- EDXRF ANALYSER

 TEST METHOD-ASTM D 2622 / D 7220 / D 5453 / D 3120 / IS

1448 : P 34/P 153 / ISO 20486 / 13032
 SIGNIFICANCE- THIS TEST METHOD ARE USEFUL IN
DETERMINING WHETHER THE SULFUR CONTENT OF
PETROLEUM OR A PETROLEUM PRODUCT MEETS
SPECIFICATION OR REGULATORY LIMITS.
 LEAD CONTENT

0.005 G/1, MAX (AS Pb)

 TEST METHOD- ASTM D 5059 / IS 1448 : P 352

 SIGNIFICANCE- THIS TEST METHODS USEFUL IN

DETERMINING THE CONCENTRATION OF LEAD (FROM ALKYL
ADDITION) IN GASOLINE. THESE ALKYL ADDITIVES IMPROVE
THE ANTIKNOCK PROPERTIES.
REID VAPOUR PRESSURE (RVP)

60 KPA @ 38⁰C MAX

 TEST METHOD- ASTM D 519 / D 323 / IS 1448 : P 39

 SIGNIFICANCE- VAPOR PRESSURE IS CRITICALLY

IMPORTANT FOR FUELS AFFECTING STARTING, WARMUP,
AND TENDENCY TO VAPOR LOCK WITH HIGH OPERATING
TEMPERATURES OR HIGH ALTITUDES.
VAPOUR LOCK INDEX

FOR SUMMER : 750

FOR OTHER THAN SUMMER MONTH : 950

BENZENE CONTENT

1 % BY VOLUME MAX

 TEST METHOD- ASTM D 3606 / D 5580 / D 6277 / D 6730

 SIGNIFICANCE- BENZENE IS CLASSED AS A TOXIC

MATERIAL. A KNOWLEDGE OF THE CONCENTRATION OF THIS
COMPOUND CAN BE AN AID IN EVALUATING THE POSSIBLE
HEALTH HAZARD TO PERSONS HANDLING AND USING THE
GASOLINE.
 COPPER STRIP CORROSION

A QUALITATIVE MEASURE OF
THE TENDENCY OF A
PETROLEUM PRODUCT TO
CORRODE PURE COPPER.

NOT WORSE THAN NO.1

CORROSION

 COPPER STRIP COROSSION : ASTM D 154 / IP 156 /

IS 1448 P:15

 EQUIPMENT : CONSTANT TEMPERATURE WATER BATH,

STD. COPPER STRIP, SILVER STRIP, TEST
TUBES, POLISHING MATERIAL, ASTM
STANDARDS

 TEST INDICATES PRESENCE OF CORROSIVE SULPHUR IN

PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
WATER TOLERANCE OF GASOLINE ALCOHOL
BLEND, TEPERATURE FOR PHASE SEPERATION

OTHER THAN WINTER MONTH- 10 ⁰C

IN WINTER MONTH- 0 ⁰C
 SIGNIFICANCE- GASOLINE ALCOHOL BLENDS IN PARTICULAR HAVE A VERY
LIMITED ABILITY TO RETAIN WATER IN SOLUTION OR IN STABLE SUSPENSION, AND
IF THE AMOUNT OF WATER IN THE BLEND EXCEEDS THIS LIMIT, THE FUEL SHALL
SEPARATE INTO

A LOWER OXYGENATE RICH AQUEOUS PHASE

AND AN UPPER OXYGENATE-LEAN HYDROCARBON PHASE.

 THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR GOVERNING THE ABILITY OF A SPECIFIC FUEL TO

RETAIN WATER WITHOUT SUCH SEPARATION IS ITS TEMPERATURE. THIS METHOD
IS INTENDED TO DETERMINE THE MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE AT WHICH THE FUEL
WILL SEPARATE. THE TEMPERATURES REPRESENT THE MAXIMUM TEMPERATURES
ABOVE WHICH THE FUEL MUST NOT SEPARATE INTO TWO DISTINCT PHASES.
 
OLEFINE CONTENT

18 FOR GRADE 95 & 21 FOR GRADE 91 % BY VOLUME MAX

 TEST METHOD- ASTM D 1319 / D 6730 / ISO 22854 / IS

1448 P: 23

 SIGNIFICANCE-THE DETERMINATION OF THE TOTAL VOLUME

% OF OLEFINS,IN PETROLEUM FRACTIONS IS IMPORTANT IN
CHARACTERIZING THE QUALITY OF PETROLEUM FRACTIONS
AS GASOLINE BLENDING COMPONENTS AND AS FEEDS TO
CATALYTIC REFORMING PROCESSES.
OXIDATION STABILITY

360 MIN.

 TEST METHOD- ASTM D 525 / IS 1448 P: 28 / IP 40

 SIGNIFICANCE-THE INDUCTION PERIOD MAY BE USED AS AN

INDICATION OF THE TENDENCY OF MOTOR GASOLINE TO
FORM GUM IN STORAGE. IT SHOULD BE RECOGNIZED,
HOWEVER, THAT ITS CORRELATION WITH THE FORMATION OF
GUM IN STORAGE MAY VARY MARKEDLY UNDER DIFFERENT
STORAGE CONDITIONS AND WITH DIFFERENT GASOLINES.
AROMATIC CONTENT

42 % BY VOLUME FOR BS III & 35 % BY VOLUME, MAX FOR BS IV

 TEST METHOD- ASTM D 1319 / D 6730 / IS 1448 P: 23

 SIGNIFICANCE-THE DETERMINATION OF THE TOTAL

VOLUME % OF AROMATIC CONTENT ,IN PETROLEUM
FRACTIONS IS IMPORTANT IN CHARACTERIZING THE
QUALITY OF PETROLEUM FRACTIONS AS GASOLINE
BLENDING COMPONENTS AND AS FEEDS TO CATALYTIC
REFORMING PROCESSES.
OXYGEN CONTENT

2.7 % BY MASS MAX FOR BS III & BS IV

3.5 % BY MASS MAX , FOR 10% ETHANOL BLENDED BS III & BS IV

 TEST METHOD- ASTM D 4815 / D 5599 / IP: 408

 SIGNIFICANCE-IN GASOLINE BLENDING, THE DETERMINATION OF ORGANIC

OXYGENATED COMPOUNDS IS IMPORTANT. ALCOHOLS, ETHERS, AND OTHER
OXYGENATES ARE ADDED TO GASOLINE TO INCREASE THE OCTANE NUMBER
AND TO REDUCE TAILPIPE EMISSIONS OF CARBON MONOXIDE.

 THEY MUST BE ADDED IN THE PROPER CONCENTRATION AND RATIOS TO MEET

REGULATORY LIMITATIONS AND TO AVOID PHASE SEPARATION AND PROBLEMS
WITH ENGINE PERFORMANCE OR EFFICIENCY.
ETHANOL CONTENT

4.75 % BY VOLUME MAX FOR BS III & BS IV

9.75 % BY MASS MAX , FOR 10% ETHANOL BLENDED BS III & BS IV

 TEST METHOD- ASTM D 4815 / D 5599 / IP: 408

 SIGNIFICANCE-IN GASOLINE BLENDING, THE DETERMINATION OF ORGANIC

OXYGENATED COMPOUNDS IS IMPORTANT. ALCOHOLS, ETHERS, AND OTHER
OXYGENATES ARE ADDED TO GASOLINE TO INCREASE THE OCTANE NUMBER
AND TO REDUCE TAILPIPE EMISSIONS OF CARBON MONOXIDE.

 THEY MUST BE ADDED IN THE PROPER CONCENTRATION AND RATIOS TO MEET

REGULATORY LIMITATIONS AND TO AVOID PHASE SEPARATION AND PROBLEMS
WITH ENGINE PERFORMANCE OR EFFICIENCY.
OXYGENATES

A ) METHANOL : NIL
B ) ISO- PROPYL ALCOHOL : 10 % BY VOLUME MAX
C ) ISO BUTYL ALCOHOL : 10 % BY VOLUME MAX
D ) TERTIARY BUTYL ALCOHOL : 7 % BY VOLUME MAX
E ) ETHERS CONTAINING 5 OR MORE ‘C’ ATOMS PER MOL. : 15%
BY VOLUME MAX
F ) OTHER OXYGENATES : 8% BY VOLUME MAX
THANK YOU