Chemistry-

Introduction
SESSION 1
09/07/2021
CSEC Classes
Objectives:
What is
Chemistry?
MATTER

• Matter is anything that has a mass and occupies space (volume).

• All matter is made of particles and can exist in three different states:
• The solid state
• The liquid state
• The gaseous state
The particulate
theory of
matter
STATE OF MATTER
QUESTIONS
Evidence for the particulate theory of matter
Lab activity:
Lab 2
Osmosis:
Practical
Uses of
Osmosis
The 3 states of
Matter
Changing State
Summary of the changes of state
Melting
Evaporation
Boiling
Condensation
Freezing
Sublimation
Heating and Cooling Curves
Cooling Curve
 SESSION 2
29-01-21
Pure substances, mixtures and separations
Recap
Classification of Matter

• Matter can be classified into

pure substances and
mixtures. These can be
further classified as shown:
Pure Substances
A pure substance is composed of a single type of material only.
Any pure substance possesses certain general characteristics:
• Its composition is fixed and constant.
• Its properties are fixed and constant, for example, its melting point,
boiling point and density.
• The component parts cannot be separated by any physical process.
• To find out if a substance is pure, its melting point or boiling point can
be measured. If any impurities are present, they will usually lower
its melting point and raise its boiling point.
Elements
• ELEMENTS are the simplest form of matter.
• An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler
substances by using an ordinary physical or chemical process.
• An atom is the smallest particle in any element.
• Each element is composed of atoms of one kind only. Most elements are
made up of individual atoms, e.g. silver (Ag) is made up of individual silver
atoms. A few elements are made up of molecules, e.g. nitrogen (N,) is made
up of nitrogen molecules, each molecule being composed of two nitrogen
atoms.
• There are 118 known elements and they can be classified as metals or non-
metals.
The physical properties of metals and non
metals compared
Common metals and their atomic symbols
Common non-metals and their atomic
symbols
 • A compound is a pure substance that is formed from
two or more different types of elements which are
Compounds chemically bonded together in fixed proportions and
in a way that their properties have changed.
 • A mixture consists of two or more substances (elements and/or
compounds) which are physically combined together in
Mixtures variable proportions. Each component retains its own
individual properties and is not chemically bonded to any
other component of the mixture.
Homogeneous and Heterogeneous mixtures.
Solutions, suspension and colloids
Different types of Solutions:
Suspensions
Colloids
Comparing the properties of solutions,
colloids and suspensions
Solubility
Separating the components of mixtures
• The technique used to separate the components of a mixture
depends on the physical properties of the components.
Filtration:
Evaporation
Crystallisation
Simple Distillation
Fractional Distillation:
Separating Funnel
Paper Chromatography
Atomic Structure
05-02-2021
Atoms:
• Atoms are the basic building blocks of matter.
• An atom is the smallest particle of an element that can exist by itself
and still have the same chemical properties as the element.
Subatomic Particles
• Atoms are made up of three different types of fundamental particles
called subatomic particles:
• Protons
• Neutrons
• Electrons
• Protons and neutrons are in a fixed position in the centre, or nucleus,
of an atom. The electrons are found quite a distance from the
nucleus, spinning around the nucleus in energy shells
Characteristics of the three subatomic
particles
• In any atom, the number of protons and number of
electrons is the same, therefore atoms have no overall
charge. Atoms of different elements contain different
numbers of protons and electrons - this is what makes the
elements different. Two numbers can be assigned to any
atom, the atomic number and the mass number.
Atomic Number
• Atomic number (or proton number) is the number of protons in the
nucleus of one atom of an element.

• Since the number of electrons in an atom is always equal to the

number of protons, the number of electrons in an atom is equal to
the atomic number. Each element has its own unique atomic number.
Mass Number
• Mass number (or nucleon number) is the total number of protons and
neutrons in the nucleus of one atom of an element.

• The number of neutrons in an atom can be calculated by subtracting

the atomic number from the mass number. More than one element
can have the same mass number, so the number is not unique to a
particular element.
Nuclear notation
• An atom (or ion) of an element can be represented using the nuclear
notation given below:
• Using the nuclear notation, the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in an
atom can be calculated.
• Example:
The nuclear notation for copper is Cu. From this, the following can be deduced
about a copper atom:
Mass number = 63
Atomic number = 29
Number of protons = 29
Number of neutrons = 63 - 29 = 34
Number of electrons = 29
• The nuclear notations for all elements can be found in the periodic table of
elements.
The arrangement of subatomic particles in an
atom
Atoms are composed of two parts:
• A nucleus in the centre containing nucleons (protons and neutrons)
packed tightly together. Nearly all the mass of an atom is
concentrated in its nucleus.
• One or more energy shells surrounding the nucleus which contain
electrons revolving at high speeds. The shells are relatively distant
from the nucleus, such that most of an atom is empty space. The
electrons moving around the nucleus make up the volume of an
atom.
• Each energy shell is a specific distance from the nucleus.
• Electrons with the least energy occupy the energy shells closest to the
nucleus.
• Electrons fill up the energy shells closest to the nucleus first.
• Each energy shell has a maximum number of electrons it can hold:
- The first energy shell can hold up to two electrons.
- The second energy shell can hold up to eight electrons.
- The third energy shell may be considered to hold up to eight electrons.

Further energy shells can hold more electrons, but it is unnecessary to know
their maximum numbers at this level of study.
Electronic Configuration
• The arrangement of electrons in an atom is known as its electronic
configuration. This can be represented in writing using numbers or by
drawing a shell diagram.
Representing Atoms:
• To draw a shell diagram of an atom, you first determine the number
of protons, neutrons and electrons, and then write its electronic
configuration using numbers separated by commas.
Examples:
Example 2
Example 3
Note: Electrons are only shown as being paired in the second and third
shells when the shells contain five or more electrons.
The number and arrangement of electrons in an element determine its
chemical properties, especially the number of electrons in the
outermost energy shell which are known as the valence electrons.
Isotopes
• Isotopes are different atoms of a single element that have the same number
of protons in their nuclei, but different numbers of neutrons.
• Therefore, isotopes of an element have the same atomic number but different
mass numbers .
• Isotopes of an element have the same chemical properties because the
number and arrangement of electrons in them are the same .
• Isotopes of an element have slightly different physical properties because
they have different numbers of neutrons which give them slightly different
masses.
Isotopy is the occurrence of atoms of a single element that have the same
number of protons in their nuclei, but different numbers of neutrons.
Chlorine
Carbon
Radioactive Isotopes
Uses of Radioactive isotopes
The mass of atoms
Review Questions: