Deviation & parallelism

Foregrounding

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Outline

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01 Introduction 02 Deviation

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03 Meaning, Style and
04

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Parallelism
Choice

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 1
Introduction

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Introduction
(1)
What is foregrounding?
(2)
Cohesion of foregrounding
(3)
Types of foregrounding
 (1)
What is Foregrounding?

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Foregrounding in Art
Foregrounding in
Fashion
 In language, the background is what is linguistically
normal - the rules, norms and expectations which we
associate with a particular kind of speaking or writing;
the foreground is, in large part, the portions of text or
talk which do not conform to these expectations.

 Foregrounding is thus produced as a result of deviation

from linguistic (and non-linguistic) norms of various
kinds.
 Foregrounding in
Language

'It is a truth universally

acknowledged, that a single man in
possession of a good fortune, must
be in want of a wife'.
Practice
Roger McGough
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“Foregrounding is the ways
of the text organization

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which focus the reader’s
attention on certain elements

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of the message.”

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(Arnold 2004: 99).

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Foregrounding at a glance

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- Writers tend to use unusual forms of language to break
up the reader’s routine behavior.

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- It is a deviation, or departure, from what is expected in the

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linguistic code or the social code expressed through

a
language; functionally, it is a special effect or significance

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conveyed by that departure.

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 (2)

Cohesion of
foregrounding

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(3) Types of Foregrounding

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Deviation Parallelism

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Deviation

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(a) Deviation
(1)
What is Deviation?
(2)
Deviation & Foregrounding
(3)
Kinds of Deviation
● Deviation, which is a linguistic phenomenon, has an important
psychological effect on readers (and hearers). If a part of a poem
is deviant, it becomes especially noticeable, or perceptually
prominent.

● We call this psychological effect foregrounding.

● There are many ways in which poets can produce deviation and
hence foregrounding.
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● Discoursal Deviation

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● Semantic Deviation

● Lexical Deviation

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● Grammatical Deviation
Kinds of

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Deviation

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● Morphological Deviation

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● Phonological & Graphological
Deviation

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 Discoursal Deviation

Beginning of Beginning of
sentences Discourse
Discoursal Deviation: Beginning of
sentences
● The most notorious example of a
text which deviates from this rule
is James Joyce's novel,
Finnegans Wake, which both
begins and ends in mid-sentence.

● Indeed, the end can be joined to

the beginning so that the novel
goes round and round in a circle.
 Beginning of Discourse

● For God's sake hold your tongue, and let me love

(John Donne, 'The

Canonization’)

● Yes. I remember Adlestrop –

(Edward Thomas,
'Adlestrop')
 Semantic Deviation
Light breaks
Light breaks where no sunno
where shines;
sun shines;
Where no sea runs, the waters of the heart
Where no sea
Push in their tides;runs, the waters of the heart
Push
And, in their
broken ghoststides;
with glow-worms in their heads,
The things
And, of light
broken File through
ghosts withthe flesh where noin
glow-worms flesh decks
their the bones.
heads,
The things(Dylanof light File through
Thomas, the Where
'Light Breaks flesh where no flesh
No Sun Shines')
decks the bones.

(Dylan Thomas, 'Light Breaks Where No Sun Shines')

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Lexical Deviation

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Neologism
1

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Words associated
with one variety
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inserted in another
Functional variety

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2 Conversion

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1. Neologism

● It is the invention of new lexical items & it is the most obvious,

common ways in which a poet can exceed the normal resources of his
language.

The boys are dreaming wicked or of the bucking ranches of the

night and the jollyrodgered sea.
(Dylan Thomas, Under Milk Wood, p. 1)
2. Functional Conversion

My heart in hiding
Stirred for a bird, - the achieve of, the mastery of the thing!

(Gerard Manley Hopkins, 'The Windhover')

 Grammatical Deviation

● Word order deviation

● Reordering or sequencing of phrases
● List constructions
 Morphological Deviation

Perhapless mystery of paradise

 Morphological Deviation Graphological Deviation

● Adding suffixes, not ● Capitalisation

normally added ● Punctuation
- Perhapless
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Parallelism

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 Parallelism at a glance
• Foregrounding regularity ( parallelism ) is considered an important
feature of poetic language. It is the principle underlying all versification &
refers to its " overriding importance in the structure and significance of
works of literature " .

• With Parallelism , the writer temporarily renounces his permitted freedom

of choice introduction uniformity where there should normally be
diversity .
•
Parallelism is identified as "structural repetition in which variable
elements occur.
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Blow, blow, thou winter wind

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(William Shakespeare, As You Like It, II, vii, 174)

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But he was wounded for our transgressions, he was

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bruised
for our iniquities.

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(Isaiah, 53, v) )

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 He was kicked, beaten and lupped
.

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 Parallelism has the
power not just to
foreground parts of a
text for us, but also
to make us look for
parallel or
contrastive
meaning links
between those
parallel parts.
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Choice
Meaning, Style &

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Choice: linguistic; deviant; parallel

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Role of less foregrounded features
What is chosen, what might have been

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chose

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 Thank you

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