Business Information Systems ppt1

Business Information
Systems
With Ms. Stacy Sutherland
©Stacy Sutherland 2011

BUSINESS
INFORMATION SYSTEMS
• Information systems are the mean by which
organizations and people using information
technologies, gather, process, store, use and
distribute information.
• In simpler form, a business information
system can be described as a system that
provides the information needed by managers
and employees to support their activities in
achieving the objectives of a business.

Three key resources in BIS
– Information
– People
– Information technology

Information Resource
• Data – raw facts that describe a particular
phenomenon such as the current
temperature, the price of movie rental, or
your age
• Information – data that have a particular
meaning within a specific context

Information Resource
Information is
often aggregated
data that has
meaning such as
average age,
youngest and
oldest student,
and a histogram
of student ages
Your age
©Stacy Sutherland 2011 –a piece
of data
Information Resource – Flows
of Information
• Upward – describes state of the organization
based on transactions
• Downward – strategies, goals, and directives
that originate at a higher level and are
passed to lower levels
• Horizontal – between functional business
units and work teams
• Outward/inward – from and to customers,
suppliers, distributors, and other partners
Information Resource – What It
Describes
• Internal information – specific
operational aspects of the organization
• External information – environment
surrounding the organization
• Objective information – quantifiably
describes something that is known
• Subjective information – attempts to
describe something that is unknown
People Resource
• People are the most important resource in
any organization, with a focus on
– Technology literacy
– Information literacy
– Ethical responsibilities

People Resource
• Technology-literate knowledge worker –
knows how and when to apply technology
• Information-literate knowledge worker
– Can define information needs
– Knows how and where to obtain
information
– Understands information
– Acts appropriately based on information
• Ethics – principles and standards that
guide our behavior toward other people
Information Technology
Resource
• Information technology (IT) – computer-
based tools that people use to work with
information
– Hardware – physical devices that make up a
computer
– Software – set of instructions that your
hardware executes to carry out a specific task
for you

Information Technology –
Hardware

Hardware
1. Input device – tool for entering information
and commands
2. Output device – tool for see or hearing results
3. Storage device – tool for storing information
4. CPU – hardware that interprets and executes
instructions (RAM temporarily stores
information and software for the CPU)
5. Telecommunications device – for sending
info
6. Connecting devices – like cables, ports, etc.

Software
• Two types of software
• Application software – enables you to solve
specific problems and perform specific tasks
(Word, payroll, inventory management, etc)
• System software – handles tasks specific to
technology management (operating system,
anti-virus, etc)

HARDWARE

Chapter Objectives
• Identify the computer systems and
peripherals you would acquire or recommend
for a business of your choice, and explain
the reasons for your selections

Primary IT Resources
• Hardware
• Software
• People
• Data

Hardware
• What was the first computer?
• Does a computer have to be electronic?

The Abacus: 5000 years old

The Abacus: 5000 years old

Burroughs Adding Machine -
Manual

Anita Mk VI – First electronic
calculator : 1961

Trends in Computer System
Capabilities
First Second Third Fourth Fifth
Generation Generation Generation Generation Generation
Trend: Toward Smaller, Faster, More Reliable, and Less Costly
Greater
LSI, VLSI
Vacuum Integrated Power,
Solid-State Micro-
Tubes Circuits Smaller
processors
Footprint
Trend: Toward Easy to Purchase, and Easy to Maintain

Mark I (1942)

Harvard: Mark I : No Storage –
paper tape

Concept of the Computer BUG

Computer BUG: Grace Hopper:
A Pioneer
Third programmer ever hired,

Grace Hopper
ENIAC

ENIAC

Early core memory

Univac computer

Univac computer: Predicts an
election 1952

IBM 701

Computer System Categories
Earliest systems
Timesharing
Mainframe
Computers Multitasking
Midrange
Computers
Categories are used but the Microcomputers

lines are blurred between
them.
IBM 701: Gets even bigger :
1951

10 Characters
Per Second
WOW

Earliest systems
Mainframe Timesharing
Computers Multitasking
Smaller , Cheaper
Timesharing
Midrange Multitasking
Computers
Microcomputers

Mainframes

Mainframes: “Big Iron”

Super computer: Cray

Earliest microcomputers

Mainframe
Computers
Midrange
Computers
Microcomputers

Earliest microcomputers: Apple
II

Earliest microcomputers:
Portable

Mainframe
Computers
Midrange
Computers
Categories are used but the Microcomputers

lines are blurred between
them.
Microcomputer Systems
• Handheld Computers
– PDA, Information
Appliances
• Notebook Computers
• Desktop Computers
• Workstations

Mainframes to Networks
• The mainframe
– Central computer timesharing and multitasking
– CRT or dumb terminals accessing
– No local processing capabilities
• LAN – Local area network
– Central computer as a server (Often another PC)
– Local computers accessing the network
– Software on both machines.
– Local processing capabilities

Local Area Network (LAN)

Client Server Networking
Host Systems/
Superservers
Client
Systems
Servers

Basic Computer System
Components
Central Processing Unit
Control
Input ALU Output
Output
Unit
Devices Devices
Devices
Special Primary
Cache
Purpose
Memory Storage
Processors
Secondary
Storage
Devices

Input Technology Trends
Voice Recognition
Punched Keyboard Data Entry Speech and
Punched Key to Tape/
Cards Pointing Devices Touch Devices
Cards Disk Optical Scanning Handwriting
Paper Tape
Recognition
Trend: Towards Direct Input Devices that Are More Natural

and Easy to Use

Common Input Devices
• Keyboard
• Pointing Devices
• Pen Based Computing
• Speech Recognition
• Optical Scanning
• Magnetic Ink Character
Recognition
• Smart Cards
• Digital Cameras

Output Technology Trends
Video Displays
Punched Punched Video Displays
Printed Reports Voice Responses
Cards Cards Audio Responses
and Documents Hyperlinked
Printed Reports Printed Reports Printed Reports
Video Displays Multimedia
and Documents and Documents and Documents
Documents
Trend: Towards Output Methods that Communicate Naturally,

Quickly, and Clearly

Common Output Devices
• Video Output
– CRT
– LCD
• Printed Output
– Inkjet
– Laser

Storage Trends
Primary
Storage
LSI VLSI
Magnetic Magnetic Magnetic
Semiconductor Semiconductor
Drum Core Core
Memory Chips Memory Chips
Trend: Towards Large Capacities Using Smaller Microelectronic Circuits

Secondary
Storage
Magnetic Disk
Magnetic Tape Magnetic Tape Magnetic Disk Optical Disk
Optical Disk
Magnetic Drum Magnetic Disk Magnetic Tape Magnetic Disk
Magnetic Tape
Trend: Towards Massive Capacities Using Magnetic and Optical Media

Data representation in a
computer
• “Two state” or binary representation
– negative / positive electronic charges?
– A bit – negative or positive – zero or one
– ASCII or EBCIDIC coding schemes

How many bytes and bits?
• “Mary Smith”
• “Mary J. Smith”
• 04/01/2004

Definitions of storage size
• 1 bit = 0 or 1
• 8 bits = 1 byte (character)
• 1 k = 1,000 bytes (kilobyte)
• 1 mb = 1,000,000 (megabyte)
• 1 gb = 1,000,000,000 (gigabyte)
– 20 meters of shelved books
• 1 tb = 1,000,000,000,000 (terabyte)
– A complete research library
• 1 pb = 1,000,000,000,000,000 (petabyte)
– 2b = all U.S. academic research libraries
• 1 ex - 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 (exabyte)
Data storage and retrieval forms
• RAM = random or direct access memory
– Fast, lost when power down
• DASD – direct access storage devices
– Disk drives – slower but still quite fast
– Direct reads to sectors and tracks
• Magnetic tapes
– Slower, cheaper, sequential access
• Direct or random access – specific storage
positions based on data defined locations
– Example: credit card records – card id
Semi Conductor Memory
• Random access memory (RAM)
– Increases over time driven by operating
systems and applications software
• Read only memory (ROM)
– Permanent storage of commonly executed
instructions – not volatile
– “Firmware” …

Magnetic disk storage
• Floppy disks
– 3.5 inch = 1.44 mb
– Superdisk – 120 mb
• Hard disk drives – 100’s of gigabytes
• RAID storage – redundant arrays of
independent disks
– 6 to 100 + small hard disks
– Redundant design of data storage
– Fault tolerant capacity – less risk of loss
Other storage forms
• Magnetic tapes
– used for backup
– Sequential access
– Cartridge or real to real
• Optical disk storage
– CD-ROM : compact disk read only memory
– CD-R – record once
– CD-RW – rewriteable disk
– DVD – digital video disk
• 3 to 8.5 gb -
Primary & Secondary Storage
Media
Storage
Primary
Semiconductor
se ses
cr crea es
Memory Direct
s
De ea
Access
s
Magnetic
r B ity cr
ac In
Disks
ea
ap ed
Floppy Disk
Co e C Spe
In
Hard Disk, RAID

it
ag s
or es
pe
St Acc
Sequential
st
Magnetic Tape Access
Secondary
Storage
Optical Disks
CD-ROM, CD-R Direct
Access
CD-RW
DVD
Summary
• General trends
– Smaller
– Faster
– Easier
– Cheaper per unit of processing power
• Without software what is hardware?

Chapter Summary
• A computer system is a system of information
processing components that perform input,
processing, output, storage and control functions.
• The hardware components in a computer include
input and output devices, a central processing unit
(CPU), and primary and secondary storage.
• There are three major categories of computers:
microcomputers, midrange computers and
mainframe computers

Chapter Summary (cont)
• Microcomputers are used as personal
computers, but are also interconnected in a
variety of telecommunications networks.
• Midrange computers are increasingly being used
as powerful network servers and for many multi-
user business data processing and scientific
applications.
• Mainframe computers are larger and more
powerful and are used to handle information
processing needs for large organizations .
• Peripheral devices used for input and output
come in a variety shape and sizes. Future trends
are towards devices that communicate naturally
and are quick and easier to use.

Categories of Computer
Software
Computer
Software
Application System
Software Software
General- Application- System System

Purpose Specific Management Development
Programs Programs Programs Programs

Database Management Development
Software Tools
Databases
Hardware
Operating System
Graphics User Interface
Special Applications Games

• Apple : Goes to
Intel Chip
Leopard
Yes
Microsoft
Office
Microsoft:
Vista
Operating systems are

processor specific

Functions of an Operating
System
User
Interface
Utilities
Resource Task File
and Other
Management Management Management
Functions

Trends in Computer Software
Trend: Toward Easy-to-Use Multipurpose Network-Enabled Application
Packages for Productivity and Collaboration
Natural &
Object-Oriented
DBMS Languages
User-Written Packaged Operating
Fourth-Generation Multipurpose
Programs Programs Systems
Languages Graphic- Interface
Machine Symbolic High-Level
Microcomputer Network-Enabled
Languages Languages Languages
Packages Expert-Assisted
Packages
Trend: Toward Visual or Conversational Programming Languages and

Tools

Categories of Programming
Languages
Machine Languages High Level Languages Markup Languages
Use binary coded Use brief statements Use embedded
instructions control codes
1001 1001 Compute X = Y + Z <H1>First heading</H>
1100 1101 <!ELEMENT Product
(#Item | manuf)>
Assembler Languages Fourth Generation Object-Oriented
Use symbolic coded Languages Languages
instructions Use natural statements Define objects that
contain data and actions
LOD Y SUM THE FOLLOWING
NUMBERS Document.write
ADD Z (“Hi There”)

Programming Language
Translation
• Compiler
• Interpreter
• Assembler
IF A := B
THEN Language 1001101
Translator 1110101
Program 0010110
Source
Program
Written in
BASIC,
COBOL, Language
etc. Translation Machine
Process Language
Object
Program
Why
©Stacy Sutherland do
2011 I want the source code?
Categories of Programming
Languages
Machine Languages High Level Languages Markup Languages
Use binary coded Use brief statements Use embedded
instructions control codes
1001 1001 Compute X = Y + Z <H1>First heading</H>
1100 1101 <!ELEMENT Product
(#Item | manuf)>
Assembler Languages Fourth Generation Object-Oriented
Use symbolic coded Languages Languages
instructions Use natural statements Define objects that
contain data and actions
LOD Y SUM THE FOLLOWING
NUMBERS Document.write
ADD Z (“Hi There”)

• Application software types
– Custom development – programming
• Expensive –
• Consultant dependent
• Hard to get out of
– Within application development
• Written within an existing software environment
• Examples: Spreadsheets, Database applications
– Turn key systems
• Little customization – dependent on the vendor
• “Turn it on and run it”

Database Management Development
Software Tools
Databases
Hardware
Operating System
Graphics User Interface
Special Applications Games?

Categories of software:
• Layering
The hardware is the center
• The system software – operating system
– Controls the hardware and supports the application
– Supports GUI (graphics user interfaces)
– Controls communications
• Development software – tools for creating applications
– Programming languages
– Database management software
• Applications software – The big area

Common General- Purpose
Applications
• A move toward generic applications
that can be adapted … spreadsheet
software and database software.
• Electronic Mail
• Word Processing
• Presentation Graphics
• Multimedia
• Personal Information Manager
Web Browsers
Launch
Discussion Surf the Net
Information
Groups Searches
Typical uses of a Web

Browser in Internet,
Intranet, and Extranet
Environments
Multimedia
File E-Mail
Transfer

Database Management
Packages
Database Database
Development Interrogation
Primary Tasks of
Database Management
Packages
Database Application
Maintenance Development

Multimedia Technologies
Video Capture Authoring
Card Language
Compact Disk
Storyboard
Interactive
Key
Sound Board Technologies Compressed
of Audio
Multimedia
Computer
MIDI
Edit System
Interactive
Digital Audio
Video Digital Video
Interactive
Business Enterprise Application
Software
Accounting and
Financial
Management
Customer Supply
Relationship Business Chain
Management Decision Management
Support
Human Enterprise
Resource Resource
Management Planning

Summary
• Software is more capable
• Software is more graphic oriented - GUI
• Software takes more computer resources
– Disk storage and RAM
• Databases are more and more dominant
• Fewer standard computer languages
• Software is more object oriented
• Web based applications are increasing
• Database systems

Chapter Summary
• Computer software consists of two major
types of programs: application software that
directs the performance of a particular end
user task, and system software that controls
and supports the operations of a computer
system.
• Application software includes a variety of
programs that can be segregated into
general-purpose and application-specific
categories.

• System software can be subdivided into
system management programs and system
development programs. The former is used
to manage hardware, software, networks,
and data resources. The latter is used by IS
specialists to develop computer programs.
• An operating system is an integrated system
of programs that supervises the operations
of the CPU.

• There are 5 major levels of programming
languages. Language translator programs
convert programming language instructions
into machine language instructions.

Business Information Systems ppt1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Business Information Systems ppt1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Business Information

©Stacy Sutherland 2011

©Stacy Sutherland 2011

©Stacy Sutherland 2011

©Stacy Sutherland 2011

©Stacy Sutherland 2011

©Stacy Sutherland 2011

©Stacy Sutherland 2011

©Stacy Sutherland 2011

©Stacy Sutherland 2011

©Stacy Sutherland 2011

©Stacy Sutherland 2011

©Stacy Sutherland 2011

©Stacy Sutherland 2011

©Stacy Sutherland 2011

©Stacy Sutherland 2011

©Stacy Sutherland 2011

©Stacy Sutherland 2011

Trend: Toward Easy to Purchase, and Easy to Maintain

©Stacy Sutherland 2011

©Stacy Sutherland 2011

©Stacy Sutherland 2011

©Stacy Sutherland 2011

Third programmer ever hired,

©Stacy Sutherland 2011

©Stacy Sutherland 2011

©Stacy Sutherland 2011

©Stacy Sutherland 2011

©Stacy Sutherland 2011

©Stacy Sutherland 2011

Categories are used but the Microcomputers

©Stacy Sutherland 2011

©Stacy Sutherland 2011

©Stacy Sutherland 2011

©Stacy Sutherland 2011

©Stacy Sutherland 2011

©Stacy Sutherland 2011

©Stacy Sutherland 2011

©Stacy Sutherland 2011

©Stacy Sutherland 2011

©Stacy Sutherland 2011

Categories are used but the Microcomputers

©Stacy Sutherland 2011

©Stacy Sutherland 2011

©Stacy Sutherland 2011

©Stacy Sutherland 2011

©Stacy Sutherland 2011

Trend: Towards Direct Input Devices that Are More Natural

©Stacy Sutherland 2011

©Stacy Sutherland 2011

Trend: Towards Output Methods that Communicate Naturally,

©Stacy Sutherland 2011

©Stacy Sutherland 2011

Trend: Towards Large Capacities Using Smaller Microelectronic Circuits

Trend: Towards Massive Capacities Using Magnetic and Optical Media

©Stacy Sutherland 2011

©Stacy Sutherland 2011

©Stacy Sutherland 2011

©Stacy Sutherland 2011

Hard Disk, RAID

Magnetic Tape Access

• Without software what is hardware?

©Stacy Sutherland 2011

©Stacy Sutherland 2011