Maths 3 Application of Integration: Solid of

Revolution, Arc-length, Double Integration

 Introduction

• By the end of the lesson, students should be

able to
– Use graphs to solve application of integration
problems.
– Identify limits of integration, integrand by using a
representative rectangle to solve single- and
double-integrals.
– Determine volume under a curve.
 Volume of solid of revolution

The problem students are confronted with when solving such problems is
which of the four equations to use.
There are two types of equations: 1.
2.
Determine the volume of solid of revolution described the following region.
Determine the volume of solid of revolution described the following region.
Shell Method: Representative Rectangle parallel to axis of rotation

𝑦 =𝑥3

cubic units
Determine the volume of solid of revolution described the following region.
The Disc Method (though not preferable in this case) can also be used.
Representative Rectangle perpendicular to axis of rotation
Determine the volume of solid of revolution described the following region.
WITHOUT THE GRAPH: WRONG SOLUTION

Without the graph the students are likely to commit the following errors:

A student looks at the equation

, then use ,
to conclude that . The student
then concludes that
Determine the volume of solid of revolution described the following region.

𝑦
𝑦 =3 𝑥

Disc Method
∆𝑦
cu
𝑥
∆𝑥
𝑥

Shell Method
cubic units
 Solution to student quetion: Volume of solid of revolution
Determine the volume of solid of revolution described the following region. .
Solution
6.3 4.3 2.5 1 0 1 2.5 4.3 6.3
0 1 2 3 4
Disc Method:
Shell Method: Note that the
given by distance from the y-axis to 2, minus the distance

from the y-axis to the on the graph, which is

[]
 Exercises: Volume of solid of revolution

• Draw the following regions:

• Use both Disc and Shell Methods to determine the volume of
solid of revolution when the region is revolved about the: a)
• Use both Disc and Shell Methods to determine the volume of
solid of revolution when the region is revolved about the: a)
• Use both Disc and Shell Methods to determine the volume of
solid of revolution when the region is revolved about the: a)
• Use both Disc and Shell Methods to determine the volume of
solid of revolution when the region is revolved about the: a)
• Use both Disc and Shell Methods to determine the volume of
solid of revolution when the region is revolved about the: a)
• Use both Disc and Shell Methods to determine the volume of
solid of revolution when the region is revolved about the: a) .
• Use both Disc and Shell Methods to determine the volume of
solid of revolution when the region is revolved about the: a)
 Arc-length
Non-parametric equations
• If 𝑓 is a function given by 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑓′ is continuous on the closed
interval [𝑎, 𝑏] then the length 𝑠 of the arc of 𝑓 between 𝑎 and 𝑏 is
given by
𝑠 = 𝑑𝑥 .
b. If 𝑔 is a function given by 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑦) and 𝑔′ is continuous on the closed interval
[𝑐, 𝑑] then the length 𝑠 of the arc of 𝑔 between 𝑐 and 𝑑 is given by 𝑠 = 𝑑𝑥
 2
1 +[ 𝑓 ′ ( 𝑥 )]
There are three possibilities about
• can be transformed into a perfect square.
• can be transformed into a form for which the
formula sheet can be used.
• can be transformed into a form for which the
rule can be applied.
 Example 1 can be transformed into a perfect square.

Determine the arc-length of over [1,2].

Solution
𝑠 = 𝑑𝑥

𝑥3 1 2 𝑥3 1 2
( − ) ( + )
2 2 𝑥3 2 2 𝑥3

𝑠 = 𝑑𝑥
 can be transformed into a form for which the rule can be applied.

Example 2: Determine the arc-length of over [0,8]

,,

𝑓 ′ (𝑥) [ 𝑓 ( 𝑥)]
𝑛

8 1 2 1 8 1 2 1 2 3 8
− 3 2 −3 3 3 2
∴ 𝑠=∫ 𝑥 3
( 𝑥 +1 ) =¿ ∫ 𝑥 ( 𝑥 +1 ) 2 =¿ ⌈ ( 𝑥 3 +1 ) 2 × ⌉ ≈ 10.18 ¿ ¿
3 2

0 20 3 2 3 0
 Parametric equations
If 𝑓and 𝑔 are functions having continuous derivatives on a closed interval [ 𝑎, 𝑏]
then the length 𝑠 of the arc of 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑡), 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑡), 𝑎 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑏, 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 (𝑓(𝑎);
𝑔(𝑎)) 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 (𝑓(𝑏); 𝑔(𝑏)) is given by
Example: Determine the length 𝑠 of the arc over the interval [
Solution
,
 2. Double integral applications
To illustrate the double integrals, we start with an example:
Determine

Solution

You start by determining the inside integral with respect to :

 Volume under a curve
𝑧 −𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

𝑧 −𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑧 −𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
z
z 𝑧=h(𝑥 , 𝑦)
𝑦
𝑦 𝑦
𝑥 𝑥
𝑥

When considering volume under a curve, we focus more on the projection of

the curve on the . The projection on the not necessarily depend on the shape
of the curve . Sometimes the region on the curve can be generated by the
region of interest on the
 Volume of shape between curve z and base region
𝑦

𝑑
𝑅 𝑅
𝑐

𝑎 𝑏 𝑥

Base region

The volume of the shape whose base is the region R on the , whose top
lies on the curve z is
Calculate the volume of the prism whose base is the triangle in the xy-plane bounded by the x-axis and the lines
y = x and x = 1 and whose top lies on the plane

❑ 𝑏 𝑑 𝑑 𝑏
𝑉 =∬ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 , 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝐴=¿∫ ∫ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 , 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥=∫ ∫ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 , 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 ¿
𝑅 𝑎 𝑐 𝑐 𝑎
Using vertical representative rectangle:

Using a horizontal representative rectangle:

V
 Further Examples

Evaluate

Solution
This is how the ‘floor’ region looks like;
 Evaluate
1

Vertical representative rectangle

Horizontal representative rectangle

For et . Then .
 Using limits to generate a region

We can use the reverse process – using limits of

integration to determine the region. In the above example 1,
 The ability to sketch the region of integration is especially helpful in cases
where the right choice of the orientation of the representative rectangle is
crucial, as the following example demonstrates:
Evaluate the integral.

Region:

𝑦 ≤ 4 − 𝑥2
 Right choice of representative rectangle

4 √4−𝑦 2𝑦
2
2 4−𝑥 2𝑦
𝑥𝑒 𝑥𝑒
∫ ∫ 4−𝑦 ∫ ∫ 4−𝑦
𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
0 0 0 0
𝐍𝐨𝐭 𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐭𝐨𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞
=
 Changing the order of integration
Sketch the region of integration and change the order of integration.
Solution

Limits:
The limits give the shaded region
of integration

Order of integration when using

a horizontal represe3ntative
rectangle

2 𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑙𝑛2 2

∫ ∫ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 , 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑦 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ ∫ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 , 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝒅𝒚
1 0 0 𝑒
𝑦
 Changing the order of integration
Evaluate the integral by reversing the order of integration:
Limits:

)
𝑥
1 3 3 3 3 𝑥 3 3
1 1[ 𝑥] 1 9
∫ ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦=∫∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥=∫ 𝑒 [ 𝑦 ] 𝑑𝑥= 6 ∫ 2𝑥 𝑒 𝑑𝑥= 6 𝑒 = 6 ( 𝑒 −1
2 2 2 2 2
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 3
0
0 3𝑦 0 0 0 0 0