Internal Combustion

Engines

Chapter 2 Engine Operating Cycle

Prepare by Mr. San Sophak
2018

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• In internal combustion engine, three types of cycle are used:
• Air-standard cycle
• Air-fuel cycle
• Actual cycle
AIR-STANDARD CYCLE
The analysis of the air-standard cycle is based upon the following
assumptions:
1. The working fluid in the engine is always an ideal gas, namely pure
air with constant specific heats.
2. A fixed mass of air is taken as the working fluid throughout the entire
cycle. The cycle is considered closed with the same air remaining in the
cylinder to repeat the cycle. The intake and exhaust processes are not
considered.
3. The combustion process is replaced by a heat transfer process from
an external source.
AIR-STANDARD CYCLE
4. The cycle is completed by heat rejection to the surrounding until the
air temperature and pressure correspond to initial conditions. This is in
contrast to the exhaust and intake processes in an actual engine.
5. All the processes that constitute the cycle are reversible.
6. The compression and expansion processes are reversible adiabatic.
7. The working medium does not undergo any chemical change
throughout the cycle.
8. The operation of the engine is frictionless.
AIR-STANDARD CYCLE
The following is the cycle of four stroke internal combustion engine
(a) Otto cycle
(b) Diesel cycle
( c) Dual combustion cycle
(d) Atkinson cycle.
OTTO CYCLE OR CONSTANT
VOLUME CYCLE

Process 1-2 is reversible adiabatic or isentropic compression. There is no heat transfer.

Process 2-3 is reversible constant volume heating.
Process 3-4 is reversible adiabatic or isentropic expansion. There is no heat transfer.
Process 4-1 is reversible constant volume heat rejection.
ACTUAL OTTO CYCLE
DIESEL CYCLE

Process 1-2 is isentropic compression. There is no heat transfer.

Process 2-3 is reversible constant pressure process. Heat IS supplied during this process.
Process 3-4 is isentropic expansion. There is no heat transfer.
Process 4-1 is reversible constant volume process. Heat is rejected during this process.
ACTUAL DIESEL CYCLE
DUAL COMBUSTION CYCLE

Process 1-2 is isentropic compression. There is no heat transfer. Work is done on the system.
Process 2-3 is reversible constant volume process. Part of the heat is supplied during this
process.
Process 3-4 is reversible constant pressure process. The remaining part of the heat is supplied
during this process
Process 4-5 is isentropic expansion. There is no heat transfer. Work is done by the system.
Process 5-1 is reversible constant volume process. Heat is rejected during this process.
 ATKINSON CYCLE

Process 1-2 is reversible adiabatic compression. There is no heat transfer.

Process 2-3 is reversible constant volume process. Heat is supplied during this process.
Process 3-4 is reversible adiabatic expansion. There is no heat transfer.
Process 4-1 is reversible constant pressure process. Heat is rejected during this process.
The principle of four stroke engine
• A four-stroke cycle engine is an internal combustion
engine that utilizes four distinct piston strokes (intake,
compression, power, and exhaust) to complete one
operating cycle.

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four stroke gasoline engine 16
Characteristics of an engine

1. Bore (d)
2. Stroke (L)
L = 2, where is the crank radius
3. Top Dead Centre (TDC)
4. Bottom Dead Centre (BDC)
5. Clearance volume (Vc)
6. Piston displacement or swept volume (Vs)
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Characteristics of an engine (cont)

7. Cylinder volume (V)

8. Compression ratio (r)

Example: 8.5/1, 11/1, 18/1, 22/1.
9. Mean piston speed =

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Characteristics of an engine (cont)
10. Torque
[N]
Where
• p is pressure of gas in the cylinder
• A is the surface area of piston head
11. Power
[W]
Where
• is the work done by engine [Nm]
• is the angular speed [rad/s]
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The operation system of engine

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The operating system of engine
The operation of the engine is provided by the combination of four large
systems:
1. Mechanical system
• The Engine block: ensures the isolation of the gaseous mass
• The crankshaft and connecting rod: ensure the transformation the reciprocating
movement of piston to rotational movement.
• Timing system: control the open and close the intake and exhaust vale at the
desired time.
2. Fueling system:
Ensure enough fuel and air supply to feed the engine
3. Ignition system
Ensure the ignition the air-fuel mixture in engine cylinder.
4. Auxiliaries systems:
• Lubrication system
• Cooling system
• Start-up and charging system (Electrical system)
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END