11-DNA Technology

Chapter 11
DNA Technology
©Ben Margot/AP Images

©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom.
No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 11-1
I. Introduction V. Stem Cell Research
A. DNA technology is changing the world
A. Is it ethical to use embryonic stem cells?
B. DNA technology manipulates DNA
C. DNA technology makes use of DNA
B. Embryonic Stem cells are undifferentiated
D. DNA technology can be applied to genes and genomes C. Embryonic stem cells are totipotent
E. DNA can be expressed in all organisms D. Adult stem cells are pluripotent
II. Transgenic Organisms E. Cloning creates an exact copy of an organism
A. Transgenic organisms have DNA from other species F. Somatic cell nuclear transfer is used to clone
B. How do scientists create transgenic organisms? animals
C. Scientists use source DNA to create transgenic organisms
G. Is human cloning ethical?
D. Scientists use plasmids to create transgenic organisms
E. Scientists use restriction enzymes to create transgenic organisms VI. PreImplantation Diagnosis and Treatment of
F. Scientists use bacteria to create transgenic plants Genetic Disease
G. Scientists use viruses to create transgenic animals A. DNA probes detect specific sequences
III. DNA Sequencing
B. DNA probes are single-stranded
A. DNA sequencing reveals the order of bases
B. DNA sequence shows how different organisms are unique
C. Genetic testing can detect existing disease
C. PCR replicates DNA in a test tube D. PGD can detect genetic diseases in early embryos
IV. DNA Profiling E. PGD tests embryos created in a dish
A. DNA profiling detects genetic differences F. PGD is used to screen out defective embryos
B. Individuals have unique patterns of STRs G. Gene therapy replaces faulty genes
C. STR patterns reveal genetic differences
H. Gene therapy uses viruses
D. DNA profiling strengthens the criminal justice system
I. Gene therapy gives cells healthy genes
No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
DNA technology is changing the world
Scientists can manipulate DNA.
They can copy it, sequence it,

switch it on and off, probe for
pieces of it, and transfer it
between species.
Section 11.1 No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Figure 11.1 11-3
DNA technology manipulates DNA
Manipulating DNA for practical

purposes is called DNA
technology.
Applications of DNA technology

include learning about life’s
history, relieving human
suffering, protecting the
environment, and enforcing the
law.
Section 11.1
No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Figure 11.1 11-4
DNA technology makes use of DNA
This chapter describes some of the
techniques and promise of DNA
technology.
• DNA Technology’s Tools:
Recombinant DNA, DNA
sequencing, polymerase chain
reaction (PCR), DNA profiling
• Using DNA Technology to Copy
Cells and Organisms: Stem cell
research, cloning
• Using DNA Technology in
Medicine: DNA probes in
preimplantation genetic diagnosis
(PGD) and genetic testing, gene
therapy
Section 11.1 Figure 11.1
DNA technology can be applied to genes
and genomes
The genome of any

organism can be
manipulated.
Changing an organism’s
genes changes the
proteins it expresses.

III. DNA Sequencing
DNA can be expressed in all organisms
Sea anemones have genes that encode glowing proteins.
DNA from a sea anemone was introduced into the genome of
this fish. The fish is expressing glowing proteins.
The fish is a transgenic organism. Its genome contains
recombinant DNA—genetic material from another species.
(normal): ©Andrew llyasov/E+/Getty Images RF;(altered): ©Edward Kinsaman/Science Source
Figure 11.4
Section 11.2 No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 11-8
Transgenic organisms have DNA
from other species
Transgenic organisms have many useful

applications, such as manufacturing
pharmaceuticals, engineering hardy
crops, and testing human genetic
diseases in mice.
©Edward Kinsman/Science Source

How do scientists create
transgenic organisms?
There are several different ways to introduce recombinant DNA into
an organism, depending on which transgenic organism scientists are
making.
(normal): ©Andrew llyasov/E+/Getty Images RF; (altered): ©Edward Kinsman/Science Source
Scientists use source DNA to
create transgenic organisms
First, scientists
acquire the DNA that
they will insert into a
new organism.
1. Acquire source DNA
To make transgenic
bacteria that express
eukaryotic genes, it is Source DNA contains the gene that will
be expressed in the transgenic organism
necessary to use
cDNA, which does not
contain introns.

Scientists use plasmids to create
transgenic organisms
Then, they obtain a

plasmid, which is a
small, circular piece of
double-stranded DNA. 1. Acquire sources DNA
Plasmids can replicate 2. Obtain a plasmid
themselves inside a
host cell, and be used
for expressing the
genes they carry.
Scientists use restriction enzymes to create
transgenic organisms
1. Acquire source DNA
Restriction enzymes 2. Obtain a plasmid
cut the plasmid and

source DNA.
3. Create recombinant DNA
The source DNA Restriction enzymes cut
DNA at specific sequence
combines with the (GAATTC in this case)
plasmid, to create
recombinant DNA
Mix donor DNA with
plasmid DNA to construct
recombinant plasmid
Jump to long description
Figure 11.2
Restriction Enzymes
• Site specific
– Each different enzyme only cuts at one DNA
sequence
• Restriction enzyme sites are mostly 6 base pairs long
• Restriction enzyme sites are mostly palindromes
– Sequence reads the same backward and forward
– Most Restriction Enzymes cut DNA asymmetrically
to leave ‘sticky ends’
• A single stranded region of 4 nucleotides
Scientists use bacteria to create
transgenic plants
Recombinant Ti plasmids combine with plant chromosomes when
the cells are infected by genetically modified bacteria.
When the transgenic cell divides, each daughter

cell receives the herbicide resistance gene. The
resulting tobacco plant is transgenic.
Jump to long description
Scientists use viruses to create
transgenic animals
Recombinant DNA combines with chromosomes when early
embryonic cells are infected by genetically modified viruses.
(normal): ©Andrew llyasov/E+/Getty Images RF; (altered); ©Edward kinsman/Science Source
When cells divide as the animal develops, they pass along

recombinant DNA to the entire animal.
Figure 11.4
Clicker question #1
Which of the following is an example of a

transgenic organism?
A. A human with diabetes who receives insulin

protein extracted from a pig’s pancreas.
B. An alga that is produced by the union of a
sperm and an egg cell.
C. A corn plant with DNA from Agrobacterium
incorporated into its genome.
D. A human with leukemia who receives bone
marrow from another person.
Clicker question #1, solution
Which of the following is an example of a

transgenic organism?
C. A corn plant with DNA from Agrobacterium

incorporated into its genome.
III. DNA Sequencing
DNA sequencing reveals the
order of bases
Sequencing DNA can

be useful for deducing
protein sequences and
for determining
evolutionary
relationships among
species.
DNA sequence shows how
different organisms are unique
Most human DNA is

“noncoding” – only
about 1.5% of it
encodes proteins.
PCR replicates DNA in a test tube
1. DNA polymerase, nucleotides, primers, and

What if investigators only target DNA sequence are combined.
have a tiny amount of DNA to

examine, and need to make
more of it?
Scientists can replicate DNA

using the polymerase chain
reaction (PCR).
DNA profiling detects genetic differences
Investigators use PCR to amplify DNA from tiny biological
samples. Once they have enough DNA, they use DNA sequencing
to detect genetic differences between individuals.
1. Extract DNA from a diploid cell from 2. Amplify STR sequences using PCR.
each of the three suspects.
Individuals have unique patterns of STRs
Short tandem repeats (STRs) are short, repeated sequences of DNA
10
DNA sequencing shows how many short tandem repeats (STRs) are
in a person’s genome.
STR patterns reveal genetic differences
Comparing the STR profile of an individual
with those of a reference profile reveals
what STRs are present in his or her DNA.
Figure 11.8
DNA profiling strengthens the criminal
justice system
Due to DNA profiling, the number of DNA exonerations in
the U.S. has increased in the last couple of decades.
Clicker question #2
Suppose that Mary brings a paternity suit

against Bob. At site #1, Mary has 9 and 15
tandem repeats and Bob has two identical
alleles with 9 repeats each. What
genotype(s) could the child have and still
possibly be Bob’s son? (Select all that apply)
A. 9, 15
B. 9, 9
C. 15,15
D. 16, 16
E. 9, 16
Clicker question #2
Suppose that Mary brings a paternity suit

against Bob. At site #1, Mary has 9 and 15
tandem repeats and Bob has two identical
alleles with 9 repeats each. What
genotype(s) could the child have and still
possibly be Bob’s son? (Select all that apply)
A. 9, 15
B. 9, 9
III. DNA Sequencing
Is it ethical to use embryonic
stem cells?
Stem cell research often sparks
public debate over the use of
human embryonic tissues in
research.
New techniques are being used

to convert adult cells into stem
cells, which makes embryos
unnecessary.
(a): ©Scott J. Ferrell/Congressional Quarterly/Getty Images; (b): ©Getty Images
Figure 11.10
Embryonic Stem cells are
undifferentiated
Stem cells are special
because they can develop
into different types of cells.
Scientists are using stem

cells to develop treatments
for many different diseases,
and to regenerate damaged
body organs and tissues. ©Rajau/Science Source
Section 11.3
No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Figure 11.15 11-32
Embryonic stem cells are totipotent
Embryonic stem cells

give rise to all cell types
in the body.
Adult stem cells are pluripotent
Adult stem cells

differentiate into a limited
number of cell types.
Stem cells in bone

marrow, for example,
differentiate into all blood
cell types.
Cloning creates an exact copy of
an organism
Cloning, or asexual
reproduction, is common
among single-celled
organisms such as bacteria,
archaea, and many protists.
Plants are very easy to

clone.
©Rosenfeld Images Ltd/Science Source;
Somatic cell nuclear transfer is
used to clone animals
The first cloned animal was Dolly the sheep.
1. Obtain donor
cell nucleus.
3. Fuse 4. Cell divides 5. Transfer embryo

denucleated to form to surrogate
6. Embryo develops
2. Remove nucleus egg with embryo mother’s uterus.
into Dolly.
from egg and nucleus.
discard.
©Paul Clements/AP Images
Adult sheep DNA was extracted and put into a different sheep’s egg
cell and implanted into a mother sheep. After developing from an
embryo, Dolly was born.
Is human cloning ethical?
Human cloning could help infertile parents have children
and could be used to harvest embryonic stem cells.
But many ethical issues surround cloning our own species.
1. Obtain donor
cell nucleus.
3. Fuse 4. Cell divides 5. Transfer embryo

denucleated to form to surrogate
6. Embryo develops
2. Remove nucleus egg with embryo. mother’s uterus.
into Dolly.
from egg and nucleus.
discard.
©Paul Clements/AP Images
Clicker question #3
Is it possible to create a clone of a male

mammal?
A. No, the animal being cloned must be able

to produce egg cells.
B. Yes, the DNA inserted into an egg cell can
be from a male or a female.
Is it possible to create a clone of a male

mammal?
B. Yes, the DNA inserted into an egg cell

can be from a male or a female.
III. DNA Sequencing
DNA probes detect specific sequences
Many medical tests

and procedures use
DNA technology.
For example, a DNA

probe can be used
to test whether a
patient inherited a
cystic fibrosis allele.
©Patrick Landmann/Science Source
DNA probes are single-stranded
A DNA probe is a single-
stranded sequence that
is complementary to a
known region of DNA,
such as a cystic fibrosis
allele.
The probe is labeled

with a fluorescent tag.
The researcher can
detect the allele using
the wavelength emitted
by the probe.
Genetic testing can detect existing disease
DNA probes can test

for many different
genetic diseases in
embryos, in a child
or in an adult.

PGD can detect genetic diseases in
early embryos
Preimplantation
genetic diagnosis
(PGD) uses DNA
probes to reduce the
odds of having a
child with a genetic
disease.
©Rajau/Science Source

PGD tests embryos created in a dish
First, a man’s sperm
fertilizes several of a
woman’s eggs in a
laboratory dish (in vitro
fertilization).
Researchers then extract

DNA from one cell of each
developing embryo,
amplify it by PCR, and use ©Rajau/Science Source
DNA probes to search for

harmful alleles.
PGD is used to screen out defective
embryos
If an embryo lacks a
genetic disease, it is
a good candidate for
being implanted in
the woman’s uterus.
©Rajau/Science Source
Gene therapy replaces faulty genes
Gene therapy may

someday provide 1. Cystic fibrosis occurs in people with mutations
in the CFTR gene; lung cells produce abnormal
CFTR proteins.
new treatment
options for genetic
diseases by replacing
a faulty gene in a 2. Healthy version
4. Lung cells produce
person’s cells.
of CFTR gene is
normal CFTR proteins. placed inside
viruses.
3. Patient inhales viruses,

which carry healthy
CFTR genes into
multiple lung cells.
Gene therapy uses viruses
For example, cystic fibrosis is

caused by a faulty gene on
1. Cystic fibrosis occurs in people with mutations in
chromosome 7. The result is the CFTR gene; lung cells produce abnormal
CFTR Proteins.
abnormal CFTR proteins in

lung cells.
Healthy versions of the gene 4. Lung cells produce

normal CFTR proteins.
2. Healthy version
of CFTR gene is
places inside
are placed inside of viruses, viruses.
which the patient inhales.
3. Patient inhales viruses,

which carry healthy
CFTR genes into
multiple lung cell.
Section 11.4 Figure 11.16 11-48

Gene therapy gives cells healthy genes
The viruses inject

their genetic 1. Cystic fibrosis occurs in people with mutations
in the CFTR gene; lung cells produce abnormal
CFTR proteins.
material, including
the healthy gene,
into the lung cells.
2. Healthy version of
4. Lung cells produce
Lung cells can now
CFTR gene is
normal CFTR proteins. placed inside
viruses.
produce normal
CFTR proteins.
3. Patient inhales
viruses, which carry
healthy CFTR genes
into multiple lung
cells.
Clicker question #4
Suppose that Jodi receives gene therapy for

cystic fibrosis, via an inhaled virus. Could she
pass the “repaired” DNA to her children?
A. Yes, as long as she receives gene therapy

as a child.
B. Yes, as long as she receives the gene
therapy as an adult.
C. No, the “repaired” DNA does not affect
her eggs.
D. No, only “repaired” proteins would be
passed to offspring.
Suppose that Jodi receives gene therapy for

cystic fibrosis, via an inhaled virus. Could she
pass the “repaired” DNA to her children?
C. No, the “repaired” DNA does not affect

her eggs.

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Chapter 11

©Ben Margot/AP Images

Scientists can manipulate DNA.

They can copy it, sequence it,

Manipulating DNA for practical

Applications of DNA technology

The genome of any

Section 11.2 Figure 11.1

(normal): ©Andrew llyasov/E+/Getty Images RF;(altered): ©Edward Kinsaman/Science Source

Transgenic organisms have many useful

©Edward Kinsman/Science Source

Section 11.2 Figure 11.4

(normal): ©Andrew llyasov/E+/Getty Images RF; (altered): ©Edward Kinsman/Science Source

Section 11.2 Figure 11.2

Then, they obtain a

Plasmids can replicate 2. Obtain a plasmid

Restriction enzymes 2. Obtain a plasmid

cut the plasmid and

Jump to long description

When the transgenic cell divides, each daughter

Jump to long description

(normal): ©Andrew llyasov/E+/Getty Images RF; (altered); ©Edward kinsman/Science Source

When cells divide as the animal develops, they pass along

Which of the following is an example of a

A. A human with diabetes who receives insulin

Which of the following is an example of a

C. A corn plant with DNA from Agrobacterium

Sequencing DNA can

Most human DNA is

1. DNA polymerase, nucleotides, primers, and

have a tiny amount of DNA to

Scientists can replicate DNA

Suppose that Mary brings a paternity suit

Suppose that Mary brings a paternity suit

New techniques are being used

(a): ©Scott J. Ferrell/Congressional Quarterly/Getty Images; (b): ©Getty Images

Scientists are using stem

Embryonic stem cells

Adult stem cells

Stem cells in bone

Plants are very easy to

©Rosenfeld Images Ltd/Science Source;

3. Fuse 4. Cell divides 5. Transfer embryo

©Paul Clements/AP Images

3. Fuse 4. Cell divides 5. Transfer embryo

©Paul Clements/AP Images

Is it possible to create a clone of a male

A. No, the animal being cloned must be able

Is it possible to create a clone of a male

B. Yes, the DNA inserted into an egg cell

Many medical tests

For example, a DNA

©Patrick Landmann/Science Source

The probe is labeled

DNA probes can test

©Patrick Landmann/Science Source

Section 11.4 Figure 11.14

Section 11.4 Figure 11.15

Researchers then extract

DNA probes to search for

Gene therapy may

3. Patient inhales viruses,

For example, cystic fibrosis is

abnormal CFTR proteins in