BIOMOLECUL

ES
By: Jenny Ann T. Limato
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
a.Define biomolecules
b.Identify the different categories of
biomolecules
c.Explain how does biomolecules help
each other to support life.
BIOMOLECULES
• Also called biological molecule, any
of numerous substances that are
produced by cells and living
organisms.
• Biomolecules is what we get when
we consume foods.
4 TYPES OF
BIOMOLECULES
1. Carbohydrates
2. Proteins
3. Lipids
4. Nucleic acids
#1: CARBOHYDRATES
ARE SUGARS!
We get 4 kilocalories per gram
of carb that we eat!
1. CARBOHYDRATES
Most common organic molecule
Function: Primary energy source our
body needs
Elements present: C, H, O (1:2:1 ratio)
1. CARBOHYDRATES
Monomer (building block):
Monosaccharides (Glucose is most
common)
Polymer: Polysaccharides (starch,
Glycogen, Cellulose, Chitin)
Examples: Chocolate, Bread, Pasta,
Fruits, Vegetables (ALL FROM
PLANTS!!!)
1. CARBOHYDRATES
Single sugar: monosaccharide
Ex: glucose, galactose, and fructose (in fruits)
2 monosaccharides: disaccharide
Ex: lactose, maltose, sucrose
3+ monosaccharides: polysaccharide
Ex: Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, and Chitin
Types of polysaccharides
Starch:
Used for energy storage in plants
Potatoes, pasta and rice are starches

They provide a quick form of energy for the

body I am formed
Glycogen: in the Liver!

• Used for energy storage in animals

More Polysaccharides
Cellulose: GIVES US FIBER!!!

• Provides structural support in

plants (found in the cell wall)
Chitin:
• Found in exoskeletons of
arthropods (insects, spiders)
• Found in cell wall of some fungi
 Structure of Carbohydrates
• Remember: Elements are C, H, and O
• Primarily in a Ring shape (but not always)
Take a minute to find the
word that does NOT
belong. Raise your hand,
do not shout out!
2. LIPIDS
Function: Store
energy, Insulates
your body, and make
up the cell
membrane!
Elements: C-H-O
2. LIPIDS
Monomer (Building blocks):
glycerol & 3 fatty acids
Polymer: Phospholipids,
triglycerides
Example: Steroids, cholesterol, fats,
Oils, Nuts, Waxes, and make up part
of the cell membrane!
• Lipids can be:
•Saturated: The bonds between all the carbons are
single bonds.
•Solid at room temperature
•Mainly animal fats (bacon grease, lard)
•Unsaturated: There is at least one double or triple
bond between carbons present.
•Liquid at room temperature
•Mainly plant based fats (olive oil, peanut oil) as
well as oily fish (Tuna, Sardines)
Lipid Structure
 Remember:
Elements present
are C, H, O Saturated Fats
 Long strands of
Carbon and
Hydrogen Unsaturated Fats

CALLED HYDROCARBONS!
Take a minute to find the word that does NOT
belong. Raise your hand, do not shout out!
Proteins
• Function of proteins
• Transport molecules in and out of the cell
• Control the speed of chemical reactions
• Used for growth and repair

Proteins make up the structure of living things…

Hair, nails, skin, bones, muscle, etc are all built by protein!
 Proteins NITROGEN IS PRESENT, NOW!
Elements: C-H-O-N
Monomer (Building Block): amino acids
(20 different ones!)
Polymer: proteins (tons)

Examples of proteins: hemoglobin in red

blood cells, albumin in eggs, enzymes that
control reactions in the body, and antibodies
Found in: fish, eggs, meat
 Protein Structure
 Remember: Elements are C, H, O, and N
 “R” groups represent one of the 20 Amino
Acids! (so, each amino acid has something
different in that spot)
Why are amino acids important?
• When groups of amino acids are joined together a
protein is formed
• There are 20 kinds of amino acids
• They consist of a carboxyl group (COOH) and an
amino group NH2
• Peptide bonds form between amino acids
(polypeptide = many peptide bonds = protein!)
Take a minute to find the word that does NOT belong.
Raise your hand, do not shout out!
#4: NUCLEIC ACIDS
These biomolecules are not
necessarily from food
 Nucleic acids
Function:
• Provide our genetic information
• Holds the instructions to make proteins.

Elements: C-H-O-N-P
Monomer : nucleotides
• A nucleotide is made up of:
• Sugar
• Phosphate
• Nitrogen Base: A, T, G, C, or U
Polymer: DNA, RNA and ATP
Recipe for Energy
Genetic code! proteins carrier
Structure of Nucleic Acid
 Take a minute to find
the word that does NOT
belong. Raise your
hand, do not shout out!
Any QUESTIONS?