SKIN AND FASCIA

RAMSHA ASHRAF
M.Phil (ultrasound technology), MID
Lecturer in Royal University of health and sciences.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
At the end of understanding this lecture, the students will become able
to express compressively :
• Skin, different types of skin with detail of its components (dermis
and epidermis).
• Enumerate its appendages with give their function like hair, nail,
arrector pili muscles, sebaceous and sweat glands.
• Describe the structure and function of superficial and deep fasciae
including retinaculae and septae.
 INTRODUCTION OF SKIN
 Skin: is also called integument or cutis.
 It is the outer covering of the body.
 It is the largest organ of the body.
 having a total area of skin 2m²
 8% of the body weight.
 SKIN FUNCTIONS
Sensory perception: It contains sensory receptors for heat, cold , touch , pressure &
pain.
Temperature regulation: in hot surrounding , heat is lost through evaporation of
sweat glands and conversely in cold, heat is preserved by fat and hair.
Forms barrier: against microbial invasion.
Protection: against mechanical, chemical ,thermal damage.
Capable: of absorption and excretion.
Synthesis: vitamin D3 (cholicalciferol) is synthesized from 7- dehydrocholestrol
under the influence of ultraviolet rays of sun.
 LAYERS /PARTS OF THE SKIN
Skin divided in to two/ three
layers :
• Superficial/outerlayer–
epidermis .
• Deep layer dermis (true
skin).
• Hypodermis.
 DIFFERENCES in dermis & epidermis
LAYERS Nature ORIGIN Vascularity Location

Dermis Irregular
dense
Mesodermal Vascular Deep to
the
connective epidermis
tissue

Epidermis Epithelial Ectodermal Avascular Superficial

nature
CLASSIFICATION OF SKIN
The skin is generally classified into two:

 thick (glabrous)

 thin (hirsute/hairy) types.

Differentiating Features OF thick & thin SKIN
Parameter Thick Skin Thin Skin
Site Palms and sole This skin is found on
rest of the body
Number of Strata Comprises of five consists of four
strata strata. There is no
stratum lucidrum
Thickness Thickness of thick Average thickness of
skin is 6 times more. Thin skin is 0.08 mm
 STARTA OF EPIDERMIS

Layers of the Epidermis

The epidermis of thick skin
has five layers:
1. stratum basale
2. stratum spinosum
3. stratum granulosum
4. stratum lucidrum
5. stratum corneum.
EPIDERMIS ( epithelial variety and epidermal cells)
 Epithelial variety :The epidermis
is stratified squamous keratinized
epithelium.
 Epidermal cells:
At least four different cells:.
• Keratinocytes are the most
abundant cells in the epidermis.
• Melanocytes are pigment cells
found deep in the epidermis.
• Merkel cells are sensory cells.
• Langerhans cells are fixed
macrophages
 TYPES OF DERMIS

From base to
superficial dermis:
• Reticular Dermis
• Papillary Dermis
 SKIN APPENDAGES/ADENEXA
These are derived from epidermis and may extend in dermis .
These structures associated with skin to serve a particular
function.
The important Skin appendages are :
Nails
Hairs
Hair follicles
Sebaceous glands
Sweat glands
Mammary glands
 Fascia & Fasciae
A fascia (singular; plural fasciae) is made up of sheets of connective tissue, below
the skin. These tissues attach, stabilize, impart strength, maintain vessel patency,
separate muscles, and enclose different organs that attaches, stabilizes, encloses,
and separates muscles and other internal organs.
Types of fascia:
There are three main types of fascia:
• Superficial Fascia which is mostly associated with the skin. 
• Deep Fascia which is mostly associated with the muscles, bones, nerves
and blood vessels.
• Visceral (or Subserous) Fascia which is mostly associated with the internal
organs.
 LIGAMENTS
A short band of tough,
flexible fibrous connective
tissue which connects two
bones or cartilages to hold
together at joint.
 THE SUPERFICIAL FASCIAE
It is mixture of loose areolar and adipose tissue that
unites the dermis of the skin to the underlying deep
fasciae.
The superficial fascia has two layers:
• External fatty layer
• Deep membranous layer.
eg. In abdomen The superficial fascia in lower
abdomen is divided into a superficial fatty layer
(fascia of Camper) and a deep membranous layer
(Scarpa's fascia)
Deep fasciae is a dense connective tissue that is
commonly arranged in sheets that form a stocking
around the muscles and tendons beneath
the superficial fascia. It also envelopes bones, blood
vessels and nerves.
A retinaculum (plural retinacula) is a band of thickened deep fascia around tendons that
holds them in place. It is not part of any muscle. Its function is mostly to stabilize a
tendon. The term retinaculum is New Latin, derived from the Latin verb retinere (to
retain).A retinaculum refers to a strong thick band of connective tissue of specific surface
region where that confines tendons of different muscles .e.g. Wrist retinacula include
the flexor and the extensor retinacula of the hand.
 SEPTAE
Septae are delicate strands of connective
tissue separating adjacent structures . e.g.
Intralobular septae are present among
adjacent lung acini.
INTEGUMENTS OF SKIN
• The skin (integument) is a composite organ, made up of at least two
major layers of tissue: the epidermis and the dermis. The epidermis is
the outermost layer, providing the initial barrier to the external
environment. It is separated from the dermis by the basement
membrane (basal lamina and reticular lamina).
• As nouns the difference between integument and skin:
is that integument is (biology) an outer protective covering such as
the feathers or skin of an animal, a rind or shell while skin is
(uncountable) the outer protective layer of the body of any animal,
including of a human.
FUNCTIONS OF INTEGUMENTARY
SYSTEM
• Functions of the Integumentary System
• Protects the body's internal living tissues and organs.
• Protects against invasion by infectious organisms.
• Protects the body from dehydration.
• Protects the body against abrupt changes in temperature.
• Helps dispose of waste materials.
• (Exchange of gases is not a function of the integumentary system).
GLANDS ASSOCIATED WITH HAIR
FOLLCILES
• Sebaceous gland, small oil-producing gland present in the skin of mammals.
Sebaceous glands are usually attached to hair follicles and release a fatty
substance, sebum, into the follicular duct and thence to the surface of the
skin. The glands are distributed over the entire body with the exception of the
palms of the hands and the soles of the feet; they are most abundant on the
scalp and face.
• The sebaceous gland secretes a mixture of fats (triglycerides, wax esters,
squalene, and cholesterol) and cellular debris, which is discharged as sebum
through the sebaceous duct connecting the gland to the hair follicle. Sebum
helps to form the slightly greasy surface film of the skin; it thus helps keep the
skin flexible and prevents the skin’s loss of absorption of excessive amounts of
water.
MICROSCOPIC PICTURE OF SKIN
TISSUE
S
 OBJECTIVES
 Different level of organization in human
 What are four basic tissues and their differentiating features
 Definition, location, function, classification and sections of
different type of epithelial tissues.
 Definition, location, function, classification and sections of
different type of epithelial tissues.
 Definition, location, function, components, classification
and sections of different type of connective tissues.
 Define, classify and describe different types of bones and cartilages.
 Define neurons and its mean components.
 What is nervous tissue and describe its structural components.
DIFFERENT LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION IN ORGANISM
i). Cell:
The Smallest unit of protoplasm enveloped by cell membrane and capable of
independent existence is called a cell
ii). Tissue:
Tissue is a group of cells that have similar structure and that function
together as a unit. A nonliving material, called the intercellular matrix, fills
the spaces between the cells.
iii). Organs:
Collections of two or more tissues with a similar function
iv). Organ system:
A group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions.
 FOUR BASIC TISSUES
• In human, the cells in the body gather to
make four basic tissue :
• Epithelial tissues
• Connective tissues
• Muscular tissues
• Nervous tissues
 TABLE
FOR DIFFERENTIATING
FEATURES OF
FOUR BASIC TISSUE
 EPITHELIAL TISSUES
Definition
In epithelial tissue, cells are closely packed together with very little or
without intercellular substance resting on basement membrane.
Location
Widespread throughout the body. They form the covering of external
body surfaces, inside lining of body cavities, ducts and hollow organs,
and are the functional tissue in glands.
Functions
They perform a variety of functions that include protection, secretion,
absorption, excretion, filtration, diffusion, and sensory reception.
• NAMING TYPES EPITHELIA ACCORDING TO SHAPE

Flat, wide “paving stone” These cells have cube i.e These cells are Column like i.e
having equal length width and having three times more
cells
thickness. length as compared to width.
• NAMING TYPES EPITHELIA ACCORDING TO ARRANGEMENT IN HOW MANY
LAYERS

Appears to have more than one

One layer. All cells in layers, because of different Two or more layers. Only
contact with basement level of nuclei but all cell are basal layer in contact with
membrane resting on the same basement basement membrane
membrane.
Sectional appearance of different types epithelium
CONNECTIVE TISSUE / SUPPORTING TISSUE

Definition:
Tissue that supports, protects, and gives
structure to other tissues and organs in
the body. ... Connective tissue is made up
of cells, fibers, and a gel-like substance.
Types of connective tissue include bone,
cartilage, fat, blood, and lymphatic tissue.
NERVOUS TISSUE
It is specialized tissue found in the
central nervous system and the
peripheral nervous system.
It consists of neurons , supporting cells
called neuroglia and to some extent
by ordinary connective tissue .
THE MAIN COMPONENTS OF A NEURON:
 Cell BODY (Perikaryon)
 DENDRITIES
 AXON

Perikaryon