Engineering Physics

L-4
(Electromagnetic Theory)

ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY QUANTUM MECHANICS

LASER WAVES

Dr. Vishal Thakur

SOLID STATE PHYSICS
Lovely Professional University
Phagwara, Punjab-144411
FIBRE OPTICS
EMT-Topics

1. Scalar and Vector fields.

2. Concepts of gradient, divergence and curl.
3. Gauss Theorem and Stokes theorem.
4. Poisson and Laplace’s Equation.
5. Continuity equation.
6. Maxwell’s Electromagnetic equation.
7. Physical significance of Maxwell’s equation.
8. Ampere’s Circuital law.
9. Maxwell displacement current and correction in Amperes law.
Maxwell’s Electromagnetic Equation
Ampere’s Circuital Law: Proof
Ampere’s Law: Gauss Law:

 The law is analogous to gauss law in electrostatics.
 It sates that the line integral of magnetic field around
any closed loop is equal to (permeability of free
space) times the net current flowing through the
area enclosed by the loop.
The net electric flux through any closed surface
drawn in an electric field is equal to times the
total charge enclosed within the surface.

The Biot-Savart Law relates magnetic fields

to the currents which are their sources. In a
similar manner, Coulomb's law relates
electric fields to the point charges which are
their sources.
Ampere’s Circuital Law
Ampere’s Law

• We know that if there is a steady current flowing through a wire, then a magnetic field is found to encircle
the wire in concentric circle.

• Ampere's Law states that for any closed loop path, the sum of the length elements times the magnetic field
in the direction of the length element is equal to the permeability times the electric current enclosed in the
loop.
But,
Ampere’s Law

Therefore,

Using Stokes theorem

Thus,

Current coming out of the page

𝛁 × 𝑩=𝜇 0 𝑱
Ampere’s Circuital Law: Proof
Proof:
According to the Biot-Savart law, the magnitude of the magnetic field at
a point P and at a distance r from the conductor carrying current I is I

∮ 𝑩.𝒅𝒍=∮ 𝐵𝑑𝑙𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
B
dl
C r
But, between B and dl is zero, hence,

∮ 𝑩.𝒅𝒍=∮ 𝐵𝑑𝑙=𝐵∮ 𝑑𝑙
Again

∮ 𝑑𝑙=2𝜋𝑟
Therefore,
Maxwell’s Modification to ampere’s law
Before Maxwell started his work, the laws of Electromagnetism looked like below.
However, they were not used to be written in the following compact form. They used to
exist independently.

Maxwell noticed an inconsistency in the fourth equation. Let us see what is that !
Maxwell’s Modification to ampere’s law
It is to be noted that divergence of a curl is zero. If we take the divergence of the fourth equation then we get,

(1)

The left side is zero by the argument divergence of a curl is zero. But the right hand side is not zero. This is because
from the continuity equation,
(2)

The problem is on the right side of the equation (1). If we apply Gauss law, we get,

Thus,
Maxwell’s Modification to ampere’s law
Therefore,
𝝏𝑬
𝛁 × 𝑩=𝝁𝟎( 𝑱 +𝝐 𝟎 )
𝝏𝒕
(
𝛁 . 𝑱 +𝝐𝟎
𝝏𝑬
𝝏𝒕 )
=𝟎

Total Current density ()

Now, if we rewrite the Ampere’s law as

Then, upon taking divergence on both the sides we get,

This time both the sides are zero.

Maxwell’s Modification to ampere’s law
𝝏𝑬
𝛁 × 𝑩=𝝁𝟎( 𝑱 +𝝐 𝟎 )
𝝏𝒕

Displacement current has nothing to do with real current, except that it adds to J in Ampere's law.