Power Systems Analysis

LECTURE 7
SYMMETRICAL
COMPONENTS

Prepared By
Kazi Firoz Ahmed​
Sr. Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE​
American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB)
Email: k.firoz@aiub.edu​
 TOPICS
 Symmetrical Component Analysis
 Synthesis of
Unsymmetrical Phases from S
ymmetrical Components
 The Symmetrical Components
of
Unsymmetrical Phasors
 Power in Terms of
Symmetrical Components
 TOPICS
 Unsymmetrical Series
Impedance
 Sequence Impedance and
Sequence Network
 Sequence Networks of
Unloaded generators
 Sequence Network
 Zero-Sequence
Network
 SYMMETRICAL
COMPONENT ANALYSIS
Goal :

Symmetrical component analysis is a very useful

tool for dealing with unbalanced three-phase faults.
SYNTHESIS OF UNSYMMETRICAL PHASES
FROM SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS
“An unbalanced system of n related phasors can be resolved

into n systems of balanced phasors called the symmetrical

components of the original phasors. The n phasors of each set of
components are equal in lengths , and the angles between adjacent
phasors of the set are equal.”

by C.L Fortescue , 1918

 SYNTHESIS OF UNSYMMETRICAL PHASES FROM
SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS

(1) Positive- sequence (2) Negative-sequence components

c2
components
a1 b1
n a2
n

b2
c1
SYNTHESIS OF UNSYMMETRICAL PHASES
FROM SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS
(3) Zero-sequence components

Va0
Vb0
Vc0
SYNTHESIS OF UNSYMMETRICAL PHASES FROM
SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS

Va Va0
Va  Va 1  Va 2  Va 0

Va 2 V b  V b 1  V b  Vb 0
Vc 2 Vc1 V c 2 V c 1  V c 2 
Va1
Vc0 Vc Vc 0

Vb Vb1
Vb0
Vb 2
SYNTHESIS OF UNSYMMETRICAL PHASES
FROM SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS
Use a to designate the operator that causes a rotation 120 0 in the
of
counterclockwise direction ,
a  a2
a  11200  0.5  j0.866
1,a 3
a 2  1240  0.5  j0.866
0
1, a 3
 13600  1
a3
a2 a
THE SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS OF
UNSYMMETRICAL PHASORS

V  a2 V , V c 1  aV a 1
b1
a1
V b 2  a V a 2 , Vc 2  a 2 Va 2
 Va 0 , Vc 0
V b0
 Va 0

c2
a1 b1 a2

b2
c1
THE SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS
OF UNSYMMETRICAL PHASORS
Va  Va 1  Va 2  Va
V b  V b1  V b 2
0
 Vb 0  a 2
V  aV V
a1 a
2 a
0

Vc  Vc 1  Vc 2  aV  a2 V V
a1 a
2 a
Vc 0 0

V a  1 1 1 V a 0 
 b   a   V a 1 
V  1 
 V2 c  1 a 2   V a 2 
a
a
THE SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS OF
UNSYMMETRICAL PHASORS
1 1 1
2 1
a
A   1 a2  1 a 2 
 a a 3  a
 1 
1 
1
A 1  1 1 a
V a 0  1 1  V a  a2
 V   1 1 a 2   V b 
 a1  3  
V a 2  1 1 a  V c 
a
2
a phase phasors are balanced , only the
* When three
positive-sequence component exists .
THE SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS OF
UNSYMMETRICAL PHASORS
1.Sequence component representation of L-L voltage

 V ab0  1 1  V a b 
V   1 1 a 2   V b c 
V a b 1  
3 1 1 a  V c a 

 ab2  
a
2
a
2.Sequence component representation of current

I a 0  1 1 I a 
 I   1 1 a 2   I b 
 a1  3  1

 I a 2  1 a   I c 
a
2
a
THE SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS OF
UNSYMMETRICAL PHASORS
1
V a 0  3 (Va  Vb  Vc )

V a b 0  1 (V a b  Vb c  Vc a )
3
1
Ia0  (I  I  I
a b c
3 )

No zero-sequence components exist if the sum of the

three phasors is zero.
THE SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS OF
UNSYMMETRICAL PHASORS
1
V a 0  3 ( Va  Vb  Vc )

Va 0  0 When 3 is balanced

Va 0  0 When (Va V b V c )  0

* If V  0 then is unbalanced.
a0 3

* Unbalanced 3 does not guarantee Va0  0 .

THE SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS OF
UNSYMMETRICAL PHASORS

1
V a b 0  3 ( Va b  Vb c  Vc a )

Vab 0 is always zero whether the three phase system

is balanced or not.
(V a b V b c  V ) is always zero (form closed loop)
ca

b
a
c
THE SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS OF
UNSYMMETRICAL PHASORS
I 1
Ib
a Ia0  (I a  Ib  Ic )  0
3
( ungrounded
I Y)

I ac 1
Ia0  (I a  Ib  Ic )  0
Ib 3
I
n (I a  Ib  Ic )  3Ia0  In
Ic
Y with a path to neutral
I
1
a
Ib Ia0  (I a  Ib  Ic )  0
3
I  connected
c
THE SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS OF
UNSYMMETRICAL PHASORS
example : One conductor of a three-phase line is open. The current flowing to the
 -connected load through line a is 10 A. With the current in line a as
reference and assuming that line c is open, find the symmetrical components
of the line currents

Ia  1000 amp
The line currents are :
a
Ia  1000
Z Z A
0 I b  10180 0
Ib  180
A
10 b amp Ic  0 A
Z
c
Ic  0
THE SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS OF
UNSYMMETRICAL PHASORS
1  1 0  1 8 0 0  0 )  0 Since there no neutral current involved , I
I a 0  3 (100 0 a 0

should be zero .

1
I a1  3 (1000  101800  1200 
0)  5  j2.89  5.78  30 0 A

1
I a 2  3 (1000 101800  2400 
0)
 5  j2.89  5.7830 0 A

0 0

 5.78150 0
A  5 . 7 8   90 0 A
I b 2 Ic2
 0  0
I b0 I c0
POWER IN TERMS OF SYMMETRICAL
COMPONENTS
* * *
S  P  j Q  V I a  V I b  V I c
a
b
c
T
V a 
Ia *
S   Vb   I b    A V 0 1 2   A I 0 1 2 *
T

 V c   I c
*
 V 0 1 2 T A T A * I0 1 2  3 V 0 1 2 T I 0 1 2 * , A T
A *  3I

*
 Ia 0 

 3Va 0 Va1 Va 2  I
 a1 
 I a 2
*
 3(V *  V I a 1  V
*
a 0 I a 0
a 1 a 2I a 2 )
UNSYMMETRICAL
SERIES IMPEDANCE
Za
a a'
I
Zb Z ab
b a
Ib Zc Z Z ca b '
c ac
Ic
c'
V '  Z a c  I a

 Z

aa
 Z
a a b


V bb '
  Z Z
 b a b Z
  Z c
   I
 V Z I c
 c c ' b c   b 
c a Z c b 
UNSYMMETRICAL
SERIES IMPEDANCE
V   Z ab  Ia 0
 Z a a a 0  '
  
A V b b 1   Z b a Z bc  A  I a1 
'

 V c c 2 Z ac  Zc
  Z ca
' Ia 2
V   Zb 
a a 0
'
 I
  Z ac 
  a 0

1  Z cb
 V bb ' 1   A Z bc  A  I a1 
 V ' Z c     Ia 2
 cc 2
 Za Z ab
 

 Z ba Zb

 Z Z
 UNSYMMETRICAL
SERIES IMPEDANCE
 A 1 ZA
Z 012
(Z s 2  2Z M 2 ) (Z s 1  2Z M 1 )
 (Z  2Z )
  ( Zs 0  2ZM 0 ) (Z  2Z (Z
 s 2  2Z M 2 ) 
)  s1
1
M 
(Zs 2
 2Z M 2)
s0
(Z s 0  2Z M
M0
Where
(Z s 1  2Z M 1 ) 0 )
1
 ZM 0  (Z  Z ca Z )
 3 (Z Z b Z )c
1
Z s
0
a
3
bc ab

1  aZ b  a 2c 1
Z M 1  3 (Zbc  aZc a  a 2 Zab )
Z s1  3 (Za
Z)
1  a 2 Z b  aZ c ) 1
Z s  3 (Z a ZM 2  (Z
bc  a 2c Z
a  aZ
ab
2 ) 3
UNSYMMETRICAL
SERIES IMPEDANCE
V '  (Z  2Z
s0
)I
M0 a0
 (Z  2Z
s2 M2
)I  (Z s1 2Z
a1 M1
)I
aa 0
a2

V '  (Z s1 2Z M)I1  (Z s0 2Z

a0 M0
)I a1 (Z s2 2Z M2
)I a
aa 1
2

V '  (Z s 2 2Z )I
M2
 (Z s1 2Z M)I1 a1 (Z s0 2Z
a0 M0
)I a2
aa 2
UNSYMMETRICAL
SERIES IMPEDANCE
Case 1. If no coupling , Z i j
 0 then  ZM  ZM 
(i  j ) Z M 0
1 2

V '
0
aa 0  Z s 0 Ia 0  Z s 2 I a1  Z s1I a
1 2 1 a1 a 1 (Z  aZ  a2
 3 Ia0
c
(Za  Zb  Zc ) 
3 I (Z  a Z  aZ ) 
2 b
Z)
a2 a b c
I 3
V '
aa 1  Z s1I a 0  Z s 0 I a1  Z s 2 Ia
2 1 2 (Z  a2 Z 
1 1
 3 I a0 (Za  aZb  a Zc ) 3 Ia1 (Z a  Zb  Zc )  3 Z)
a2 a b c
I
V '
aa 2  Z s 2 Ia 0  Z s1I a1  Z s 0 Ia
1 1 1
 I (Z
2  a Z  aZ ) 
2
(Z  aZ  a 2
Z )  I a 2 (Z a  Z b  Z c )
a0 a b c a1 a b c
I 3 3
3
 UNSYMMETRICAL
SERIES IMPEDANCE
Case 2 . If Z1.a  Z b  Z c Complete transportation assumed

2.  0
Z i j (i  j)
V '  I aZ1 V '  I Z V '  I Z
a0
aa 1 aa 2 a 2 aa 0
a a a

Symmetrical components of unbalanced currents flowing in a balanced- Y load

or in balanced series impedances produce voltage drops of the same sequence ,

provided no coupling exists between phases.
If the impedances are unequal, the voltage drop of any one sequence is dependent on the
current of all three sequences.
If coupling such as mutual inductance exists among the three impedances, then the
formula will become more complicated.
UNSYMMETRICAL
SERIES IMPEDANCE
Assume:
1. No coupling
2. Za  Zb  Zc

Positive-sequence currents produce positive-sequence voltage drops.

Negative-sequence currents produce negative sequence voltage drops.

zero-sequence currents produce zero-sequence voltage drops.

References:
1. Modern Power System Analysis by DP Kothari and IJ Nagrath
Chapter 10
2. Power System Analysis and Design by J. Duncan Glover
Chapter 08

END