LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

TOPIC- ACTIVE FILTERS

REPRESENTED BY-

MRS. SHIRSATH M.A E&TC DEPT.

BHIVRABAI SAWANT POLYTECHNIC, WAGHOLI
 INTRODUCTION

Weightage= 16+(08)=24

Filter- Filter is a frequency selective circuit that

passes signal of specified Band of frequencies
and attenuates the signals of frequencies outside
the band.
 CLASSIFICATION OF FILTERS

Component Frequency Frequency Technique

used Range Response used

1. Passive 1.High Pass (HPF) 1. Analog Filters

1.RF(Radio)
only R,L,C 2.Low Pass Filter (LPF) Using analog tech.
components 3. Band Pass Filter (BPS) 2.Digital Filters
2.AF(Audio)
2. Active 4.Band Stop Filter (BSF) Using digital tech.
20Hz to 20KHz
Transistor/ 5.All Pass Filter (APF)
Op-amp + R,C,L
 COMPARASION
ACTIVE FILTER OVER PASSIVE FILTER
SR. PARAMETERS ACTIVE FILTER PASSIVE FILTER
NO
1 Component used Op-amp +R + C R+L,C

2 Cost Due to absence of L Due to presence of
Economical L costly
3 Gain Provides High gain Provides Low Gain
4 loading No loading due to high i/p They have loading
& low o/p impedance problems.
5 Frequency More sharp Not sharp
Response
6 Tuning Easy tuning Not easy
7 Size Small Bigger
8 Frequency range Limited No Limitations
(below 100KHz) (few MHz)
9 D.C. power supply Required Not Required
TERMS RELATED TO FREQUENCY RESPONSE
OF FILTERS
1) Frequency response-

Gain( db)=20log10( Vo /Vin)

TERMS RELATED TO FREQUENCY RESPONSE
OF FILTERS
2) Cut off frequencies (FH & FL)
or-3db frequency
> Separate pass band from
Stop band.
3) -3db frequency-
power delivered to load reduces
to 50% of its maximum value.
Voltage at -3db frequency is 0.707 times its maximum gain.
TERMS RELATED TO FREQUENCY
RESPONSE OF FILTERS
4) Pass Band-
 Gain remains constant,
Frequencies easily pass
5) Stop band-
 Gain decreases
Frequencies Blocked
6) Center frequency(Fc)
 Geometric mean of FH & FL
Fc=√FH.FL
7) Band Width(B.W)-
 Difference between Higher cut off frequency (FH) & Lower cut off
frequency(FL)
B.W.=FH-FL
 TERMS RELATED TO FREQUENCY
RESPONSE OF FILTERS
8) Roll off rate / roll on rate
 Gain changes with change in frequency (db/decade)
1st order filter> 20 db/decade
2nd order filter> 40 db/decade
3rd order filter> 60 db/decade
and so on.
 TERMS RELATED TO FREQUENCY
RESPONSE OF FILTERS
9) Q-Factor->Ratio of Fc and B.W.
Q=Fc /B.W.
( Q>10) as a Narrow band (Q<10) as a Wide Band
COMMONLY USED FILTERS
1. High Pass Filter(HPF)
2. Low Pass Filter (LPF)
3. Band Pass Filter(BPF)
4. Band Reject / Band Stop Filter (BRF/BSF)
5. All Pass Filter(APF)
FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF LOW PASS FILTER (LPF)
Passes low frequencies & stop high frequencies

FIG 1. ACTUAL RESPONSE FIG 2. IDEAL RESPONSE

FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF HIGH PASS FILTER (HPF)
Passes high frequencies & stop low frequencies

FIG 3. ACTUAL RESPONSE FIG 4. IDEAL RESPONSE

FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF BAND PASS FILTER (BPF)
Passes frequencies between FH & FL & stop all other frequencies outside
this band

Vin HPF LPF Vo

FIG 5. ACTUAL RESPONSE FIG 6. IDEAL RESPONSE

FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF BAND REJECT/STOP FILTER (BRF/BSF)
Frequencies within band are rejected & outside band are passed.

FIG 7. ACTUAL RESPONSE FIG 8. IDEAL RESPONSE

 FREQUENCY RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS
 There are 3 characteristics of filter response :
i) Butterworth characteristic
ii) Chebyshev characteristic
iii) Bessel characteristic.

Butterworth Filter response is

characterized by-

1. Flat amplitude response in the pass band.

2.Provides a roll-off rate of -20 dB/decade.

3.response are normally used when all frequencies in the pass band must have

the same gain.

BUTTERWORTH FILTERS
1. 1st order Butterworth LPF
2. 2nd order Butterworth LPF
3. 1ST order Butterworth HPF
4. 2nd order Butterworth HPF
5. 1st order Butterworth BPF-
Narrow BPF – Q>10
Wide BPF – Q<10
6. 1st order Butterworth BSF-
Narrow BSF- Q>10(Notch Filter)
Wide BSF – Q<10
 1ST ORDER BUTTERWORTH LPF

Where FH=High Cut off frequency

o/p voltage

Gain
 Design Procedure for 1st order Butterworth LPF
steps-
1. Choose the value of High cut off frequency
2. Select a value of C≤ 1 µf.
3. Calculate value of R using,
4. Select values of R1 & RF dependent on desired pass band
gain( Avf) using,
Numerical1) Design 1st order Butterworth LPF for the pass
band gain (Avf) of 2 , Cut off frequency= 10KHz

Given- AVF=2
FH=10KHz
To Find-R1, RF, R & C
Solution-We Know, therefore
Assume C=0.001 µƒ
R

R=15.91KΩ
We know

𝑹𝑭
𝟐=𝟏+
𝑹𝟏
RF=R1
Select R1=10KΩ
Therefore, RF=10KΩ
2nd ORDER BUTTERWORTH LPF

1
Where FH= High Cut off frequency, 𝐹 𝐻 =
2 Π √ 𝑅2 𝐶 2 𝑅 3 𝐶 3
Pass Band Gain of Butterworth filter is (Avf)=1.586,

o/p voltage,
Design Procedure for 2nd order Butterworth LPF
1. For the desired value of FH , select a value of C≤ 0.1 µf.
1
2. Calculate value of R2 & R3 using, 𝐹𝐻=
2 Π √ 𝑅2 𝐶 2 𝑅 3 𝐶 3
Assume R2=R3=R & C2=C3=C,

& calculate

3. Select values of R1 & RF dependent on desired pass band gain Avf

using

But ,Avf=1.586

1.586=1+(RF/R1)

RF=0.586 R1

Select R1<100KΩ, calculate RF

Numerical 2) Design 2nd order Butterworth LPF with Cut off
frequency of 2KHz. Draw designed circuit .
Given- FH=2KHz
To Find- R2, R3, C2& C3, R1& RF
Solution-We Know, High cut off frequency, 𝐹 = 1
𝐻
Assume, R2=R3=R & C2=C3=C 2 Π √ 𝑅2 𝐶 2 𝑅 3 𝐶 3

Select C=0.01 µƒ
Calculate

R=7.9577KΩ
Pass Band Gain of Butterworth filter is 1.586 &
1.586=1+(RF/R1)
RF=0.586 R1
Select R1=10KΩ RF
RF=5.86KΩ
1ST ORDER BUTTERWORTH HPF

Where FL is Low Cut off frequency,

Gain,

o/p Voltage,
Design Procedure for 1st order Butterworth HPF
1. Choose the value of Low cut off frequency FL
2. Select a value of C≤ 1 µf,
i.e. between 0.001 µf & 0.1 µf.
3. Calculate value of R using,
4. Select values of R1 & RF dependent on desired pass
band gain Avf using,
Numerical 3) Design 1st order Butterworth HPF with Cut off
frequency of 10KHz, pass band gain of 2. Draw designed circuit.
Assume C=0.0047 µƒ.
Given- FL=10KHz
C=0.0047µƒ
Avf=2
To Find- R, C, R1& RF
Solution-We Know, Low cut off frequency,
Calculate
R
R=3.39KΩ
Pass Band Gain of Butterworth filter 2

2=1+(RF/R1)
RF= R1
Select R1=10KΩ, we get RF=10KΩ
2nd ORDER BUTTERWORTH HPF

Where FL= Low Cut off frequency, FL

Pass Band Gain of Butterworth filter is 1.586,

o/p voltage,
Numerical 4) Observe circuit given below , identify & find its
cut off frequency & pass band gain. State its roll off rate .
Given- RF=586Ω, R1=1KΩ
C2=C3=C=0.01µƒ, R2=R3=R=10KΩ
To Find- FL, Avf
Solution- It is 2nd Order Butterworth HPF
Roll off rate=+40db/decade
Cut off frequency FL, 1
𝐹 𝐿=
Assume, R2=R3=R & C2=C3=C
2Π √ 𝑅 2 𝐶 2 𝑅3 𝐶 3

𝟏
𝐹 𝐿= 𝟑 −𝟔
𝟐 𝜫 𝑿 𝟏𝟎 𝑿 𝟏𝟎 𝑿 𝟎 .𝟎𝟏 𝑿 𝟏𝟎
FL=1.59KHz
Filter Gain,

𝟓𝟖𝟔
𝐴𝑉𝑓 =𝟏+ 𝟑
𝟏 𝑿 𝟏𝟎
Avf = 1.586
BAND PASS FILTER (BPF)
It has pass band between cut off frequencies FH & FL , Such that FH>FL

Types of BPF-
1) Wide BPF- Q<10 2) Narrow BPF- Q>10
WIDE BAND PASS FILTER (Q<10)

Low cut off frequency

High cut off frequency Where FH>FL

Center frequency 1ST 1ST

ORDER ORDER
Vin Vo
Avf T=Avf1xAvf2 ,Where Avf1=Avf2 HPF LPF
Numerical 5) Design 1st order BPF with lower cut off frequency of
20Hz & higher cut off frequency of 20 KHz, having pass band gain
0f 9.
Calculate
Given- FL=20Hz
R=7957.7 KΩ
FH=20KHz
Gain Avf1=Avf2
Avf T =9 AvfT=Avf1xAvf2
To Find- R,C,R’,C’ R1,RF 9=Avf1XAvf1
Avf1=3
Solution-
As,
3=1+(RF/R1)
Assume R1=10KΩ
Q=0.031
3=1+(RF/10x10^3)
Here Q<10 Therefore it is a wide BPF RF=20KΩ
Where &

Assume C=C’=0.001µƒ

calculate

R’=7.957KΩ
NARROW BAND PASS FILTER (Q>10)

Design Procedure- Assume ,C1=C2=C And FH > FL

Where

Af is the gain at F=Fc &

Condition on gain Af = 2 Q2
 BAND STOP FILTER(BSF)
Frequencies within Band are rejected & outside band are passed.

Types of BSF-
1) Wide BSF- Q<10 2) Narrow BSF- Q>10 (Notch Filter)
WIDE BAND STOP FILTER ( Q<10)

Low cut off frequency

High cut off frequency And FL > FH

Center frequency

And
NARROW BAND STOP FILTER ( Q>10)
/ Notch Filter

BSF

Twin T- N/w
1 T N/w- 2 resistors& 1 capacitor (R,R,2C)
2 T N/w- 2 capacitor & 1 resistor(C,C,R/2)
Where FN is Notch out frequency
ALL PASS FILTER (APF)

> Passes all frequency components of i/p signal to o/p

without any attenuation.
> It produces predictable phase shift for different
frequencies of i/p signal.
Questions????
THANK YOU