BASIC CONCEPTS OF

STATISTICS
INTRODUCTION
•“STATISTICS” comes from the Italian word
“stato” which means “state”.
•In the early times if someone works with
statistics he/she concerns him/herself with
government affairs.
•The word statistics first appeared in print in the
book by Gottfried Achenwall entitled, “Abriss
statswissen der heutigen vornehmsten
•During this time statistics was simply a
collection of data on government records like
numbers of deaths, births, causes of death, etc.
•In the early day-day statistics, data were not
utilized to predict future events nor data were
analyzed in relation with other sets of data.
This is because the theory of probability was
not yet considered part in the analysis of data.
• The term Probability, in layman’s terms, is the degree of
likelihood for an event to happen.
• The concise mathematical computation on this degree falls
under the theory of probability.
• The theory of probability has its beginnings during the time of
Cardano in 1525.
• In 1654, a certain Chevalier de Mere asked an intriguing
question that deals with probability which provoked the fertile
minds of Blaise Pascal and Pierre de Fermat.
•A certain Dutch mathematician Christiaan Huygens
also worked on the posed by Chevalier.
•The work of Huygens led to the publication of the
first book on probability entitled, “De Ratiociniis in
Aleae Ludo” (Calculations in Games of Chance). The
book then became the first standard text in theory o
probability (Larsen & Marx,2001).
Statistics, the science of collecting, analyzing,
presenting, and interpreting data. Governmental needs
for census data as well as information about a variety
of economic activities provided much of the early 
impetus for the field of statistics. Currently the need to
turn the large amounts of data available in many
applied fields into useful information has stimulated
both theoretical and practical developments in
statistics.
DESCRIPTIVE VERSUS INFERENTIAL
STATISTICS

• Descriptive statistics
- is the field of statistics that focuses on quantitatively
description of a collection of data.
-It is usually used to define the basic characteristics of
the data in a study.
•Inferential statistics
- It is used to make conclusions of the
probability that a difference between samples is
either reliable or by chance.
- Inferential statistics, conclusions are being
formulated from the direct data.
PARAMETER VERSUS STATISTICS

• Parameter describes a whole population while a

statistics described a sample of a given population.
-parameters are all the information of a given
population and this is something that is hard to
determine since it requires a lot of time, resource and
skills.
•For example, if you want to survey who among the
presidential candidates has the greater chance of
probability, and the sample that you used are all from
the territory of candidate A, the tendency is that the
statistics that you will get is pointing in favor of
candidate A. This result may might have a huge
discrepancy with respect to the real standing when the
whole population is considered.
 CLASSIFICATION OF DATA
• Qualitative versus Quantitative Data
1. Qualitative data is a measure of “types” and may be
represented in terms of characteristics, names or symbols.
2. Quantitative data is a measured of “values”, or “counts”
and expressed in numerical values.
*Basically qualitative data answer the question “what”
while quantitative answers the question “how many”.
QUALITATIVE DATA
- Measure of “types” and may
be represented by names or
symbols
- Describes individuals or
objects by their categories or
groups
- Answer the question “what
type”
• Examples:
- Gender (Male or Female)
- Nationality (Filipino,
American)
- Student Type (Freshman,
Sophomore, Junior,
Senior)
QUANTITATIVE DATA

- Measure of “values” or • Examples:

“counts” and expressed in - Weight in kilograms (40 kgs)
numbers
- Grades (89, 91, 86)
- Operations such as addition
- Ages (16 y/o, 21 y/o)
and averaging make sense
- Answer the questions “how
many”, “how much”
RAW DATA VERSUS ARRAY DATA

•Raw data – data are in original form.

•Array data – data collected is already arranged
in certain pattern such as in ascending or
descending order.
EXAMPLE NO. 1
BELOW ARE THE SCORES OF 7 PHARMACY STUDENTS DURING
THEIR FIRST QUIZ IN STATISTICS.

Raw Data Array Data

21, 22, 19, 28, 24, 22, 25 (Arranged in ascending order)
19, 21, 22, 22, 24, 25, 28
 EXAMPLE NO. 2 THE HEIGHT IN CENTIMETER
OF THE VARSITY PLAYERS IN BASKETBALL
WERE SUMMARIZED BELOW:

Raw Data Array Data

(arranged in ascending order)

170, 155, 156, 190, 168, 174

155, 156, 168, 170, 174, 190
EXAMPLE NO. 3: THE AGES OF THE KIDS WHO
ATTENDED THE BIRTHDAY PARTY WERE LISTED
IN TABLE
KIDS AGE KIDS AGE
JOE 11 PATRICK 5
JAKE 9 HANNAH 7
HANNAH 7 ROBERTO 8
MARIAN 10 JAKE 9
ROBERTO 8 MARIAN 10
PATRICK 5 SHANE 10
SHANE 10 JOE 11
CLASSIFICATIONS OF VARIABLES

•VARIABLES ARE THE

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
INDIVIDUAL TO BE OBSERVED OR
MEASURED.
EXAMPLE NO. 1: A RESEARCHER WANTS TO
CONDUCT A STUDY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF
MALE ATHLETES IN THE UNIVERSITY IN THEIR
GAMES. IDENTIFY THE INDIVIDUALS AND THE
VARIABLES.

Individual or Subjects Variables

All male athletes in the Winning and losing
university records in their games
EXAMPLE NO. 2: A RESEARCHER WANTS TO
CONDUCT A STUDY ON THE ACADEMIC
PERFORMANCE OF PHARMACY STUDENTS IN
MATHEMATICS. IDENTIFY THE INDIVIDUALS AND
THE VARIABLES.

Individual or Subjects Variables

All Pharmacy students taking Scores in exams, Final grade

up Mathematics subjects in Mathematics subjects
CLASSIFICATIONS OF VARIABLES

•According to Functional Relationships

1.Independent Variable – called the
predictor variable.
2.Dependent Variable – called the criterion
variable.
Examples: The academic performance of students in
Mathematics depends on their study habits and their
attitudes towards the subject.
Independent Variable: Student’s study habits and attitudes

Dependent Variable: Academic performance of students in

Mathematics
ACCORDING TO CONTINUITY VALUES
1.Continuous Variables – variables that can be expressed in decimals.
Examples:Price of commodities, grades, height

2. Discrete or Discontinuous Variables – variables that cannot be

expressed in decimals.
Examples: Number of people
Number of floors
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENTS

1.Nominal Scale
2.Ordinal Scale
3.Interval Scale
4.Ratio Scale
NOMINAL SCALE
- Data that consist of names, Examples:
labels, or categories only
Gender (Male and Female
- The data cannot be
arranged in an ordering
Nationality (Filipino,
scheme American, Japanese)
- numbers or symbols are
used to classify an object
or person to identify the
group they belong
ORDINAL SCALE

- Data contains the Examples:

properties of nominal Ranks in a contest (1st
level. runner up, 2nd runner up,
- The data can be arranged etc.)
in an ordering scheme or Military Ranks (General,
ranked. Colonel, etc.)
- The difference between the Performance ranks (good,
values of the data cannot better, best)
be determined. The
 INTERVAL SCALE
- Data contain the properties of ordinal level. Examples:
- Data values can be ranked.
Temperature
- The difference between the values of the
data are of known sizes. (Celcius/Farenheit)
- The interval between the values has Intelligence Quotient (75,
meaning. 100, 120, and so on)
- The “zero” does not imply the absence of
characteristics.
- The ratio of data values are meaningless.
RATIO SCALE
- Data contain the properties of
interval level.
- The “zero” indicates the
absence of the characteristics Examples:
under consideration.
Height in meters, weight in
- The ratio of data values has
kilograms or pounds.
meaning.