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Chakraborty
- XI B 6
Avishek
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

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CONTENTS :
 Introduction to AI
 History & Predeceasing Tech
 Types & Agents of AI
 Current Uses of AI
 Pros & Cons
 Imminent & Distant Future
 Conclusion
Introduction To AI :
The eccentric ability of humans to think is what defines us, but is
it possible to ‘teach’ our machines likewise?

In 1950, renowned mathematician Mr. Alan Turing

revolutionized history with his question, “Can machines think ?”

What is Artificial Intelligence ?

Sir Alan
Turing

At its core, AI is the branch of computer science that aims to

answer Turing’s initial question. It is the endeavor to replicate or
simulate human intelligence in machines.
More Introduction To AI :
The infamous Turing Test (by Alan Turing) is a method of inquiry in
artificial intelligence (AI) for determining whether or not a
computer is capable of thinking like a human being.

This three-person game in which a computer uses

written communication to try to fool a human
interrogator into thinking that it's another person.
…”Despite major advances in artificial intelligence,
no computer has ever passed the Turing test”…
- DiD YoU KnoW ?
# A programming language that is Turing complete is
theoretically capable of expressing all tasks accomplishable
by computers; nearly all programming languages are Turing
A Turing complete.
Machine -The Human Brain is also Turing Complete-
History of AI :
It was Sir John McCarthy who first fabricated the term Artificial
Intelligence and is referred to as the “Father of AI”.
In 1956, he organized the Darthmouth Summer Research
Project on Artificial Intelligence, to draw talent and expertise of
like-minded individuals interested in this sprouting branch of
study.

“We understand human mental processes

only slightly better than a fish
understands swimming.”
- John McCarthy
Sir John
McCarthy
AI through the Ages :
Here we briefly glance at the developments made in the field of AI
through time -

80
 Types of AI :

Based on ABILITY Based on FUNCTIONALITY

Narrow AI Reactive Machine

Limited Memory
General AI
Theory of Mind
Super AI
Self-Awareness
- DiD YoU KnoW ?
# Sophia, a lifelike humanoid, has obtained guaranteed citizenship
in Saudi Arabia.
Sophia
Types of AI – (Based on Ability) :
Narrow AI : Artificial narrow intelligence (ANI) refers to a
computer's ability to perform a single task extremely well,

- E.g. Siri, webpage crawlers, playing chess etc.

General AI : Artificial general intelligence (AGI) is a theoretical
application of generalized artificial intelligence into any domain,
solving any intellectual task that requires AI.

- E.g. IBM’s Watson is a close example.

Super AI : Super AI is a theoretical application of systems that
could surpass human intelligence, to perform any possible task
better than the brightest of minds, with cognitive properties.

- Nothing close to a super AI has yet been developed…

Types of AI – (Based on Functionality) :
Reactive Machine : The reactive machine type is the most basic
variety of AI. It merely reacts to current scenarios and cannot
rely on upon taught or recalled data.
- E.g. Google's AlphaGo

Limited Memory : It refers to an AI's ability to store previous data

and predictions, using that data to make better predictions.
- E.g. Self-Driving cars

Theory of Mind : Just as people have thoughts, feelings and

emotions that affect their behavior, future AI must learn to
understand that everyone (people + AIs) have thoughts & feelings.

Self-Awareness : The final type of AI, where sentient systems are

not only aware of emotions and mental states of others, but also
their own…
Agents in AI :
A rational agent could be anything that makes decisions, as a
person, firm, machine, or software. It carries out an action with the
best outcome after considering past and current percepts.
An AI system is composed of an agent and its environment. The
agents act in their environment.

An agent is anything that can be viewed as :

- perceiving its environment through sensors and
- acting upon that environment through actuators
EXAMPLES OF AGENTS:
A Human-agent has eyes, ears, and other organs which act as sensors,
and hands, legs, mouth, and other body parts acting as actuators.

A Robotic agent has Cameras and infrared range finders which act as
sensors and various motors acting as actuators.
 Current Uses of AI :
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- DiD YoU KnoW ?

# As per Gartner, 37% of organizations have implemented AI in
some form. The percentage of enterprises employing AI grew 270%
over the past four years.
 Current Uses of AI :
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 TODO:
1) History of AI & Predeceasing Tech
2) Need + Current Uses
3) Imminent & Far Future
-) Facts / Famous Breakthroughs/ Incidents

-> Explain Turing Machine, Turing

Complete & UTM
# Our Brain is Turing Complete