CHAPTER IVE

SWITCHING MODE POWER

SUPPLY (SMPS)
3/25/23 ECEg |Year V Semester I |Biomedical Engineering| Gashaye G. 1
 SWITCHING MODE POWER SUPPLY (SMPS)

 Switch Mode Power Supplies, or SMPS, are becoming common place and have replaced in most cases the
traditional linear AC-to-DC power supplies as a way to cut power consumption, reduce heat dissipation, as
well as size and weight.

 A switch mode power supply (SMPS) may in general be defined as any type of electronic circuit that
converts and/or regulates voltage or current by utilizing switching circuits and energy storage elements
(capacitors and inductors).

 SMPS is the power supply with the switching regulator from converting electrical power from one form to
another form with necessary characteristics is called switch mode power supply. This power supply is used
to attain regulated DC o/p voltage from the DC i/p voltage or unregulated AC.

 A SMPS accomplishes the regulation with a feedback loop, which requires compensation if it has an error
amplifier with linear feedback.

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 SWITCHING MODE POWER SUPPLY (SMPS)

Basic structure of switching mode power supply

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 5.1. CLASSIFICATION OF SWITCHING MODE POWER SUPPLY (SMPS)
 The switching mode power supply classification is depends on the converter circuit topology.

 All SMPS. is to be divided into 3 basic circuit topologies based on input voltage, output voltage and
polarity:

a) Step-down or buck converter: Used for output voltage lower than input voltage.

b) Step-up or boost converter: Used for output voltage higher than input voltage.

c) Inverter or buck-boost converter: Used when the output polarity is reversed from the input one.
It can also be used in either step-up or step-down application
 If the input side needs to be isolated from the output side, the above 3 basic converters would be
inappropriate. Instead, the converter topologies, which are Forward, Flyback, Half-bridge, Push-pull, or
Full-bridge, derived from the 3 basic ones would be the right ones to use.

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 5.1. CLASSIFICATION OF SWITCHING MODE POWER SUPPLY (SMPS)

a) Step-down or buck converter: Used for output voltage lower than input voltage.

 When the switch (MOSFET) is ON, the energy is transferred to the load through L1 and stored in L1 at the

same time; when the switch is OFF, the energy stored in L1 supplies the load through D1 and L1.

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 5.1. CLASSIFICATION OF SWITCHING MODE POWER SUPPLY (SMPS)

b) Step-up or boost converter: Used for output voltage higher than input voltage.

When the switch (MOSFET) is ON, the energy is stored in L1; when the switch is OFF, the energy stored in

L1 is transferred to the load (RL) through L1 and D1. Output voltage can be higher than the input due to the

summation of the voltage pre-stored in L1 and Vcc. The topology is popular in PFC application.

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 5.1. CLASSIFICATION OF SWITCHING MODE POWER SUPPLY (SMPS)

c) Inverter or buck-boost converter

 When the switch (MOSFET) is ON, the energy is stored in L1. When the switch is OFF, the energy stored

in L1 is transferred to the load (RL) through L1 and D1.

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 5.1. CLASSIFICATION OF SWITCHING MODE POWER SUPPLY (SMPS)

Isolated Type

(a) Flyback Converter When the switch (MOSFET) is ON, the energy is stored in the transformer; when the

switch (MOSFET) is OFF, the energy in the transformer is transferred to the load (RL) through D1.

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 5.1. CLASSIFICATION OF SWITCHING MODE POWER SUPPLY (SMPS)

(b) Forward Converter

When the switch (MOSFET) is ON, the energy is transferred to the load (RL) and stored in L1 through D1

and transformer. When the switch is OFF, the energy stored in L1 is transferred to the load through D2. The

topology of using two MOSFETs (Double-end) can reduce the voltage stress on the switches.

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 5.1. CLASSIFICATION OF SWITCHING MODE POWER SUPPLY (SMPS)

(c) Push-Pull Converter

When switch 1 (MOSFET 1) is ON and switch 2 (MOSFET 2) is OFF, the energy is transferred to the load

(RL) through transformer and D2; when switch 2 is ON and switch 1 is OFF, the energy is transferred to the

load through transformer and D1.

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 5.1. CLASSIFICATION OF SWITCHING MODE POWER SUPPLY (SMPS)

(d) Half-Bridge Converter: When switch 1 (MOSFET 1) is ON and switch 2 is OFF, the energy is

transferred to the load (RL) through transformer, C2, and D1; when switch 2 is ON and switch 1 is OFF, the

energy is transferred to the load through transformer, C1, and D2. The Asymmetric Half-Bridge Converter

(commonly used in S.P.S. with PFC) derived from it can achieve higher efficiency

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 5.1. CLASSIFICATION OF SWITCHING MODE POWER SUPPLY (SMPS)

(e) Full-Bridge Converter: When switch 1, 4 are ON and switch 2, 3 are OFF, the energy is transferred to the load (RL)

through transformer and D2; when switch 2, 3 are ON and switch 1, 4 are OFF, the energy is transferred to the load

through transformer and D1. The collocation of this topology and phase-shift control is commonly used to achieve high-

efficiency Zero Voltage/Current Transition (ZVT/ZCT)

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 5.2. DESIGN OF SWITCHING MODE POWER SUPPLY (SMPS)

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