Introduction to PDC bits

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Confidentiality

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International, Inc.
Agenda

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CONFIDENTIAL: For Internal Use Only.
• Design, Terminology & Drilling Mechanics
• PDC Manufacturing
• PDC Cutters
• Cutting Structures
• Product Line Overview
• PDC Bit Nomenclature
• PDC Bit Dull Grading

3
 and Drilling Mechanics
Fixed Cutter Bit Terminology

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 • PDC
Objectives

• Impregnated
• Natural Diamond
Fixed Cutter Bit Types

Common Terminology

Drilling Mechanics: Roller Cone vs. PDC

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Review Terminology

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PDC?
Polycrystalline Diamond Compact
It is a term used for the entire PDC cutter (diamond table + substrate)
PCD?
Polycrystalline Diamond
The diamond table itself is referred to as the PCD layer
TSP?
Thermally Stable Polycrystalline
Catalyst material is removed using an acid leaching process
TSD?
Thermally Stable Diamond
TSD is thermally stable diamond in which silica carbide (thermal coefficient of
expansion similar to diamond) is used in the binder phase instead of cobalt
 Steel Body
Product Lines: PDC Bits

Matrix Body
Dual Diameter

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Hard Materials

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Tungsten Carbide (6% Co) = 1
16
Synthetic Diamond wear resistance is
14 1,000 times greater than tungsten carbide
12

10

0
Natural Diamond Synthetic Diamond Tungsten Carbide Steel

Hardness Thermal Conductivity Fracture Toughness

 Natural
Diamond
Impregnated
Product Lines: Diamond Bits

With GHI’s
Impregnated

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 Lo-Vibe

Waterway
PDC Cutter
PDC Terminology & Features

Junk Slot

Nozzle
Blade

Interchangeable

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PDC Terminology & Features

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Cone Nose

Shoulder
Face Cutter
Interchangeable
Bore Gauge Cutter

Gauge Pad Gauge Insert

Breaker Slot
Back Reaming
Cutter
Shank

Weld Groove Make Up Face

API Pin
Shank Bore Connection
Cutter Terminology

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PCD Layer
• Also known as the diamond table

Carbide Substrate
• Acts as the support for the diamond
table, and provides toughness
• Bonds the cutter into the bit body

LS Bond
• Cemented boundary between two
carbide substrates that may have
different characteristics
 Bit Gauge
Reamer
Pilot Diameter

Max. Tool Diameter

Pilot

Diameter
Pass Through
Dual Diameter Terminology & Features

Pilot Gauge

Drill Diameter

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Drilling Method

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•Drilling Ahead
• When drilling ahead,
drift & drill bits rotate
around the drill axis
•Tripping In
• While tripping through
casing or during drill out,
drift & drill bits rotate
around the drift axis
Quad-D Drilling Method

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Tripping through Casing / Drilling Ahead
Drilling out

Casing / Formation
Drift
Diameter
Bit Center
Bit Center
Hole Center

Drill
Diameter

Pilot
Diameter
 Junk Slot

Breaker Slot
Crown
Diamond Bit Terminology & Features

Shank

API Pin
Connection
Diamond Gauge

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 Feeder

Crowfoot
Collector

Cross Flow Hydraulics

Pad / Rib
Waterways
Diamond Bit Terminology & Features

Radial Flow Hydraulics

Crowfoot

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 Crown

Breaker Slot
Junk Slots

Turbine Sleeve
Gauge Inserts
Diamond Gauge
Impregnated Ribs
Impregnated Bit Terminology & Features

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 Junk Slots

Breaker Slot
API Pin
Ribs

Connection
Impregnated
Inserts (GHI)
Impregnated
Impregnated Bit Terminology & Features

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Drilling Mechanics

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How does a Bit Drill?

Roller Cone Bits

• Chipping/Crushing, or Gouging/Scraping
PDC Bits
• Shearing
Natural Diamond & Impregnated Bits
• Grinding
Mechanical Efficiency

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Defined in terms of “Specific Energy” (Es)
Specific energy is the amount of energy required to remove an unit
volume of rock lower is better
Theoretically, Es should approach the compressive strength of the
rock for an efficient bit
Mathematical definition:

W = Weight on bit (lb) A = Hole area (in.2)

T = Torque (lb-ft) N = Rotary speed (RPM)
P = Penetration rate (ft/hr)
Roller Cone Mechanics

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Roller Cone Bits drill by
chipping & crushing
and/or gouging & scraping
the rock

Rock requires high energy

(WOB) to fracture the rock
with compressive loading
PDC Mechanics

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PDC Bits drill by shearing
the rock

Rocks typically fracture

more easily with shear
loading (less energy, WOB)

Most efficient cutting action Polycrystalline

Diamond
Compact
Natural Diamond Mechanics

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Natural Diamond Bits drill
by ploughing and grinding
the rock

Normally require higher

RPM for better performance
(e.g.: high speed motor or
turbine)
 SHEARING
Shearing vs. Crushing

CRUSHING

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PDC
Bottom Hole Profile

ROLLER CONE

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