Mendelian Genetics

TRY THIS!!!!!
Gametes production is a complicated process of

randomly mixing and sorting alleles of an organism.
Given the genotype AaBbcc, try to answer the
following questions:
TRUE OR FALSE
A. The types of gametes that will be produced by
an individual having the genotype AaBbcc is 8.
B. The law applied in question A is Law of
dominance.
C. AaBbcc are alleles of the same trait found in
different gene loci of the chromosome.
D. AaBbcc are alleles of different traits found in
different gene loci of the chromosome.
ANSWER
THeSe!!!
1.How many types of gametes will
be produced by an individual
having the genotype AaBbCc?
2.Identify the gamete types that
will be produced.
Mendelelian
Genetics
copyright cmassengale 1
Gregor Mendel
(1822-1884)
Responsible
for the laws
governing
inheritance of
Traits
Gregor Johann Mendel
▪Between 1856 and 1863,
Mendel cultivated and
tested some 28,000 pea
plants
▪He found that the plants'
offspring retained traits of
the parents
▪Called the “Father of
Genetics"
Mendel’s first published work:
"Versuche über Pflanzen-Hybriden“
or Experiments in Plant
Hybridization was a landmark in
clarity and insight!
Trained as a mathematician
and a biologist, he figured
out the laws of inheritance…
mathematically!!
‘Brother Greg... We grow tired of peas again!!!’
Mendel’s Experiments
● Mendel noticed that some plants always produced offspring
that had a form of a trait exactly like the parent plant.
● He called these plants “purebred” plants.
○ E.g. purebred short plants always produced
short offspring and purebred tall plants always
produced tall offspring.
Purebred Short Parents Short Offspring
Purebred Tall Parents Tall Offspring

Mendel’s First Experiment
Mendel crossed purebred plants with opposite forms of a
trait. He called these plants the parental generation ,
or P generation. For instance, purebred tall plants were
crossed with purebred short plants.
Parent Tall Parent Short Offspring Tall

P generation P F1
generation
● All of the offspring grew to be tall. generation
short parent. None resembled the
● He called this generation of offspring the first filial , or F1
generation, (The word filial means “son” in Latin.)
Mendel’s Second Experiment
Mendel then crossed two of the offspring tall
plants produced from his first experiment.
Parent Plants
Offspring
Tall 3⁄4 Tall & 1⁄4 Short

F1 generation F2
generation
● Mendel called this second generation of plants the
second filial, F2, generation.
● This generation had a mix of tall and short plants,
even though none of the F1 parents were short.
Mendel’s Experimental Results
Did the observed ratio match
the theoretical ratio?
The theoretical or expected ratio of
plants producing round or wrinkled seeds
is 3 round :1 wrinkled
Mendel’s observed ratio was 2.96:1
The discrepancy is due to statistical
error
The larger the sample the more nearly
the results approximate to the
theoretical ratio
Following the Generations
Cross 2 Results Cross 2 Hybrids

Pure in all get
Plants Hybrids 3 Tall & 1
TT x tt Tt Short
TT, Tt, tt
Science Humor
Mendel’s Conclusions:
Particulate Inheritance
▪Mendel stated that
physical traits are inherited
as “particles”
▪Mendel did not know that
the “particles” were
actually Chromosomes &
DNA
Types of Genetic Crosses
▪Monohybrid cross - cross involving a
single trait
e.g. flower color
▪Dihybrid cross - cross involving two
traits
e.g. flower color & plant height
Monohybrid
Crosses
Punnett
Square
Used to help
solve
genetic
problems
P1 Monohybrid
Trait: Seed Shape
Cross
Alleles: R – Round r –
Wrinkled
Cross: Round seeds x Wrinkled seeds
RR rr
xr Genotype: Rr
r
Phenotype: Round
R Rr Rr Genotypic
Ratio: All alike
Phenotypic
R Rr Rr
Ratio: All alike
P1 Monohybrid Cross Review
▪Homozygous dominant(RR) x Homozygous
recessive(rr)
▪Offspring all Heterozygous(Rr) (hybrids)
▪Offspring called F1 generation
▪Genotypic & Phenotypic ratio is ALL
ALIKE
F1 Monohybrid
Trait: Seed Shape
Cross
Wrinkled
Cross: Round seeds x Round seeds
Rr Rr
xR Genotype: RR, Rr,

r
rr Phenotype: Round
R RR Rr &
wrinkled
G.Ratio: 1:2:1
3:1
r Rr rr
P.Ratio:
F1 Monohybrid Cross Review
▪Heterozygous(Rr) x
heterozygous(Rr)
▪Offspring:
25% Homozygous dominant RR
50% Heterozygous Rr
25% Homozygous Recessive rr
▪Offspring called F2
generation
▪Genotypic ratio is 1:2:1
▪Phenotypic Ratio is 3:1
What Do the Peas Look Like?
…And Now the Test Cross
Mendel then crossed a pure & a
hybrid from his F1
generation
This is known as an F2 or test
cross
There are two possible
testcrosses:
Homozygous dominant x Hybrid
Homozygous recessive x Hybrid
F2 Monohybrid Cross (1 ) st
Trait: Seed Shape

Wrinkled
Cross: Round seeds x Round seeds
RR Rr
xR Genotype: RR,
r
Rr Phenotype:
R RR Rr Round Genotypic
Ratio: 1:1
Phenotypic
R RR Rr
Ratio: All alike
F2 Monohybrid Cross (2nd)
Trait: Seed Shape
Alleles: R – Round r – Wrinkled
Cross: Wrinkled seeds x Round
seeds rr x Rr
R r
Genotype: Rr, rr
Phenotype: Round & Wrinkled
r Rr rr Ratio:
G.
r Rr rr 1:1 P.Ratio:
1:1
F2 Monohybrid Cross Review
▪Homozygous x
heterozygous(hybrid)
▪Offspring:
50% Homozygous RR or rr
50% Heterozygous Rr
▪Phenotypic Ratio is 1:1
▪Called Test Cross because the
offspring have SAME genotype as
parents
Dihybrid Cross
A breeding experiment that tracks
the inheritance of two traits.
Mendel’s “Law of Independent
Assortment”
a.Each pair of alleles segregates
independently during gamete formation
b. Formula: 2n (n = # of
heterozygotes)
Dihybrid Cross
Traits: Seed shape & Seed color
Alleles: R round
r wrinkled
Y yellow
y green
RrYy
x ry
RY Ry rY RY Ry rY ry
All possible
RrYy gamete combinations
Dihybrid Cross
RY Ry rY ry
RY
Ry
rY
ry
Dihybrid Cross
Round/Yellow: 9
Round/green: 3
wrinkled/Yellow: 3
wrinkled/green: 1
9:3:3:1
Summary of Mendel’s laws
PARENT
LAW OFFSPRING
CROSS
DOMINANCE TT x tt 100% Tt
tall x short tall
Tt x Tt 75% tall
SEGREGATION tall x tall 25% short
9/16 round seeds & green pods

RrGg x RrGg
INDEPENDENT 3/16 round seeds & yellow
round & green pods
x 3/16 wrinkled seeds & green
ASSORTMENT pods
round & green 1/16 wrinkled seeds & yellow
copyright cmassengale
pods 35
Answer the following:
1.The gene for hair color in rabbits has two
alleles Q and q. Q is dominant and codes for
brown hair. q is recessive and codes for white
hair. Write all the possible genotypes and
phenotypes.
2. Using the first question fill the Punnett

square of offspring genotypes if one parent is
heterozygous and the other is white haired. If
the pair of the rabbits have a litter of 24
babies, write out the expected number of each
genotype and phenotype.
3. Set up a Punnett square using the following
information.
Dominant allele for black fur in guinea pigs – B
Recessive allele for white fur in guinea pigs – b
Dominant allele for rough fur in guinea pigs – R
Recessive allele for smooth fur in guinea pigs –r
Cross a heterozygous parent BbRr
with a homozygous parent BBRR.
Write down the genotyphic and
phenotyphic ratios.
4. Set up a Punnett square using the following
information.
Dominant allele for black fur in guinea pigs – B
Recessive allele for white fur in guinea pigs – b
Dominant allele for rough fur in guinea pigs – R
Recessive allele for smooth fur in guinea pigs –r
Cross a heterozygous parent
BbRr with a heterozygous
parent BbRr

Mendelian Genetics

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TRY THIS!!!!!

Gametes production is a complicated process of

Purebred Short Parents Short Offspring

Purebred Tall Parents Tall Offspring

Parent Tall Parent Short Offspring Tall

Tall 3⁄4 Tall & 1⁄4 Short

Cross 2 Results Cross 2 Hybrids

xR Genotype: RR, Rr,

Trait: Seed Shape

9/16 round seeds & green pods

2. Using the first question fill the Punnett

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