SEMINAR

ON
ENTROPY
 CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• VARIOUS TYPE OF DISORDER
• EXAMPLES OF DISORDER
• DEFINITION AND EXPRESSION OF ENTROPY
• IMPORTANCE OF ENTROPY IN
GEOCHEMICAL
THERMODYNAMICS
• APPLICATION OF ENTROPY
• CONCUSION
• REFERENCE
 INTRODUCTION
What is entropy?
 The word entropy is sometimes confused with energy.
Although they are related quantities, they are distinct.
 or energy measures the capability of an object or system
to do work.
 on the other hand, is a measure of the "disorder" of a
system. What "disorder refers to is really the number of
different microscopic states a system can be in, given that
the system has a particular fixed composition, volume,
energy, pressure, and temperature. By "microscopic
states", we mean the exact states of all the molecules
making up the system.
Entropy = (Boltzmann's constant k) x logarithm of number of
possible states
= k log(N).
Entropy - thermodynamic property-- a
quantitative measure of disorder
Entropy traces out its origin –molecular
movement interpretation-Rudolf Clausias in
1850
The concept of entropy -thermodynamic
laws(i.e. the 2nd law of thermodynamics)
It can be visualised due to the process of
expansion, heating, mixing and reaction.
Entropy is associated with heat and
temperature.
 Various types of
disorder
Entropy-reflects the degree of disorderness.
Diorderness can be pointed out in three different
types. They are:
Positional disorder
whether the atoms are free to move or not
Vibrational disorder(thermal disorder)
whether the atoms vibrate about an
average position
Configurational disorder
this refers to the distribution of different atoms
or sites in lattice.
EXAMPLES OF DISORDER
  This is one
example of
entropy
 Box 1-less
entropy
 Box 2-more
entropy

Box-1
Box-2
 Definition and expression of
entropy
Entropy may be defined as the property of a system
which measure the degree of disorder or randomness
in the system
 It is a Greek word which means
transformation
 It is denoted by the symbol ‘S’
Clausius was convinced of the significance of the
ratio of heat delivered and the temperature at which
it is
delivered,
Entropy is the sum total of entropy due to
positional disorder, vibrational disorder and
configurational disorder. i.e randomness due
to change of state
S=sp+st+sc
 When a system is undergoing change then the
entropy change is equal to the heat absorbed by the
system divided by the temperature at which change
taken place.
ΔS = S2 –S1
= ∫ dq / T T ΔS = dq or TdS = dq
this is the II law expression.

Suppose the process is undergoing change at constant

temperature:
 From I Law we know that
ΔE = q – w or dE = dq – dw or dE = dq – PdV

At constant temperature ΔE = 0, therefore dq

= PdV.
From II law we know that dq = TdS ,
Substituting this in the above we get,
Tds = Pdv
ΔS = PdV / T,
Suppose the process is undergoing change at constant
pressure
condition then:
T ΔS = (q)p -
but we know that (q)p = CpdT T ΔS = Cp dT,
Or TdS = Cp dT

By integration,

1 ∫2dS = 1∫2 Cp dT /T
S2 – S1 = Δ Cp ln (T2 / T )

This is the entropy change of the system at constant pressure

condition from room temperature to the reaction temperature.
 Importance of entropy in
geochemical
The aim ofthermodynamics
the thermodynamics in geochemical
term is to generate a set of properties, which helps
us to predict the direction of chemical processes.
The 2nd law starts with simplest term is that there
is an increase in entropy in every natural
processes.
 The degree of order or disorder in a system may be
described in terms of the probability or
improbability of the observed state,
With the statistical conception of entropy, the possible
application to geochemical systems become recognisable,
For e.g.- the distribution of energy in geomorphic system
is one way of expressing the relative elevation of particle
of water and sediments etc. in the evolution of
landscape.
 It is noted that all natural processes are spontaneous,
unidirectional –where there is increase in randomness.
Thus this disorderness in the geochemical processes can
be determined by the concept of entropy
 Applications of
entropy
Thermobarometric models
Experimental work in the
mineralogy, petrology etc.
Thermobarometric models are
various thermodynamic formulas or
equation by which
pressure temperature are
determined,
The model is calibrated through
experimental techniques
Thus entropy is applied in the model to
measure the disorderness of the
system through temperature , pressure
of the rock.
Thermobarometry is thus an excellent
case study when the application of the
thermodynamic parameters are
involved
 Conclusion
 Entropy is the thermodynamic property which is
the measure of disorder in a system.
 It can be expresses by ‘S’=q/t
 The term is coined by Rudolf Clausius.
 Entropy is mainly associated with heat and
temperature.
 Disorder can be of 3 types- Positional,
Vibrational
and Configurational
 Thermobarometric models is an
excellent case study when the
application of thermodynamic
 It can also be concluded that-
(a)when heat is transferred at a high
temperature, entropy change is small
whereas when heat is transferred at
low temperature, entropy change
is greater.
(b)When heat is supplied-entropy
increases and when heat is removed-
entropy decreases
 Entropy is not perceptible to our sense
and there is no such instrument to
measure its effect. Only
changes in entropy can be determined by
computations.
 Reference
thermodynamics for earth scientist,96
s
 Alok K.Gupta and Sisir K. Sen, a short course on elementary

 Guirlo Ottonello, principles of geochemistry, Columbia University press,

New York, 1893, 151
 Roger Powell, equilibrium thermodynamics in petrology,Hasper
and row publishers, pp 231-232
 W.M White, geochemistry, 2007, pp 44-54
 www.google.com
 www.wikepedia.org