Clientele and

Audiences in
Counseling
Individual

Individual counseling is a one-on-one discussion between the

counselor and the client. The two form an alliance, relationship or
bond that enables trust and personal growth. Individual Counseling is
aimed at helping you to cope with addiction, mental health, trauma
and with stresses that can cause anxiety and depression, it’s about
helping you to heal from the negative things that have to happen in
everyday life, such as losses, separation, and divorce, family conflict,
violence or abuse. Individual Counseling can assist in coping with
stressful life situations, work/school problems, grief, and emotional
distress or relationship difficulties. Our professional, caring,
supportive Master’s Level Therapist and addiction counselors can
help.
The 3 Types of Clients
 
Neurotic, Psychotic, &
Personality Disordered
Clients
Neurotic - is a long-term tendency to be in
a negative emotional state. Individuals
with neuroticism tend to have more
depressed moods- they experience the ill
effects of sentiments of blame, jealousy,
outrage and uneasiness more much of the
time and more seriously than others.
Neuroticism is the state of being neurotic.
Neurotic Type of Client
•Overthinking
•Over worrying
•Overanalyzing
•Trying a lot of the time
•Other-focused or self-absorbed
•Self-defeating
•Self-deprecating
•Lost in negative ego-story
•Bad acting because they are watching
themselves act
Psychotic-Psychotic Disorders are serious
mental issue that cause abnormal thinking
and perceptions. Individuals with
psychoses puts some distance between the
real world. Two of the fundamental
manifestations are delusions and
hallucinations.
Psychotic Type of Client
•Out of touch with reality
•Distorted to the extreme
•Lost in the internal world
•Fragmented ego-self into several roles
•Inner world is invaded by outside forces
•Lives in own inner world, not shared
•Magical explanations & theories
•Self-destruction
•Delusions as reality
•Impractical & impossible ego-stories
Personality Disorder- it includes long haul
examples of considerations and practices that
are unhealthy and inflexible. The practices cause
significant issues with connections and work.
Individuals with character issue have trouble
managing with everyday stress.
Personality Disordered Type of Client
•Lying
•Faking
•Phony
•Using others
•Pretending
•Manipulating
•Deceiving
•Self in conflict with society & life
•Odd ways of relating
•Odd ways of making sense
•Odd beliefs & attitudes
•Proud of being strange
•Self-sabotaging
•Bizarre self-narratives & ego-stories
The clientele and audiences of the
counseling profession come from
different settings. Counselors deal
with a mixture of people with
different concerns and issues.
People who abuse drugs – drug abuse is not just harmful to our physical
health but to our mental health as well. It cannot be denied that the drug
addiction creates more social problems and contribute to social
disintegration. Consequently, more youth victims cry for help and seek
for counselors’ attention.

People who use Tobacco – slowly our population recognizes the bad
effects of tobacco to our health. However, many people still use and
continue use tobacco even if it is deadly. Users find it difficult to stop
smoking. Hence, smokers who desire to quit tobacco were added to the
list of the counselor’s audiences.
People who abuse alcohol – alcoholism is seen as a disease alcoholic
find it difficult to stop drinking on their own. This requires help from a
professional as it requires appropriate treatment. However, an equally
important paradigm is to look at alcoholism as a weakness of self –
control and self –discipline. therefore, this requires intervention other
than treatment.

Women – most men still have less participation in household

responsibilities and childcare. In this case, women’s advancement is
constrained. What complicates this situation is the women’s perception
about themselves and the society’s expectations. Counselors are
responsible in helping women appreciate their own values, abilities,
aptitudes, and interests and to utilize these to develop their full
potential. (Gibson and Mitchel ,2003)
Older Adults – a transition from a busy life to retirement stage must be
instituted. This is a challenge to the counseling profession. other issues that
require attention of counseling include loss of a partner, decline of mental
capacity and mobility, increased loneliness, decline in financial security
etc.

People with AIDS –acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) has

been labeled as the most feared disease due to its incurability. Victims of
this disease are seeking help to improve their quality of life and to handle
their emotional stress and low self-esteem. Counseling’s approach requires
sensitivity and appreciation of the intricacies of the disease. Counselors
may also help in assisting and educating the victims’ support system
Victims of Abuse – this population represents victims of domestic violence
characterized by spouse and child abuses. Spouse abuse is often associated
with poverty, drug abuse and career disappointments. The abuse has also
become rampant and has caused psychological damage to the victims. The
counselors are increasingly utilized to help the victims.

Gay Men and Lesbian Women- they are usually the victims of
harassment, violence, discrimination, and isolation. Gays and lesbians, like
other sectors of the society, suffer from peer denial, family clash, health
uncertainties and prejudgment. Counseling will focus on self-awareness,
self- acceptance and understanding.
Directions: Make a photograph montage indicating the things
that makes your life important. You can likewise incorporate
things that makes you glad or things that drives you to
accomplish more throughout everyday life despite afflictions.
Draw out your uniqueness and innovativeness.

Criteria Association and Composition: overall content - 15 pts

Originality: theme - 10 pts
Creativity & Neatness: generally speaking, appearance - 5 pts
All out: 30 points
Counseling and Its Work settings
1. Counselors in Schools – has grown rapidly. According to Gibson
and Mitchell (2003), counselors are recognized especially in the
preventive interventions and developmental stage. There are
elementary school counselors, junior high school counselors,
secondary school counselors, counselors in vocational schools,
counselors in higher education, and counselors in community and
junior colleges. The counseling service in the schools is usually
located under the student affairs program. It is under the supervision
of the Dean of Students Affairs.
2. Counselors in the Community Setting –
refers to employment in community, agency,
and other non-school professional situations.
Counselors can be found in community and
mental health agencies, employment and
rehabilitation agencies, correctional settings,
and marriage and family practice. (Gibson
and Mitchell , 2003)
3. Counselors in the Private Sector – refers to
counselors who decided to do full time work as private
practitioners or engage in part – time private practice
while employed by community agencies. This is feasible
if the counselors expertise and specialization matches or
relevant to an adequate client population in the
geographic area. (Gibson and Mitchell , 2003
4. Counselors in the Government - counselors are also
present in various agencies of government or institutions
supported by the government that are into social welfare,
health, and education. Relevant agencies or institutions
include public schools, public social welfare agencies
such as that for the youth, children, and the aging.
There are six stages of the counseling
process, namely, relationship building,
assessment and diagnosis, formulation of
the counseling goals, intervention and
problem solving, termination and follow
–up, and research and evaluation.
1. Stage One: Relationship Building
 This is the heart of counselling process because it provides
the force and foundation for the counselling to succeed.
 This stage involves establishing rapport,
 promote acceptance of the client as a person with worth,
 establishing genuine interaction,
 promote direct mutual communication
 helping clients understand themselves,
 helping client focus and
 Slowly promote counselling relevant communication, from
the client.
2. Stage Two: Assessment and Diagnosis

 One of the most crucial stages.

 This serves as the window for the counsellor to have a
thorough appreciation of the client’s condition.
 It entails analysis of the root causes of problems.
 The data that will be gathered in diagnosis will be
utilized in the formulation of goals.
3. Stage Three: Formulation of Counseling Goals

 Goals are important as it sets the direction of the counselling

process.
 It shall serve as the parameter of work and the client-counsellor
relationship.
 Counselling goals may be treated as a process goal or outcome
goal.
 The client and counsellor must agree on the counselling goals.
4. Stage Four: Intervention and Problem-Solving Guidelines:

A.The counselor has to provide a mapping of the different approaches

offered.
B. Describe the role of the counselor and client for each procedure.
C. Identify possible risks and benefits that may come.
D. Estimate the time and cost of each procedure.
Kafner and Busemeyer identified the six-
stage model for problem solving
 Problem detection
 Problem definition
 Identification of alternative solutions
 Decision-making
 Execution
 Verification
5. Stage Five: Termination and Follow –up The essential goal in
counselling is to witness a client progress on his/her own without the
assistance of the counselor.
There are four components of termination which were identified by
Quintan and Holahan:
1. Discussion of the end of counselling
2. Review of the course of counselling
3. Closure of the counsellor-client relationship
4. Discussion of the client’s future and post-counselling plan
6. Stage Six: Research and Evaluation
 This stage can be undertaken at any point in the
counselling stage.
 Research and evaluation are fundamental part of
the evaluation.
 Results of the research provide a scientific
appreciation of the counselling situation.
Methods in Counseling
1. CLASSIC THEORIES - The
psychological theories developed by
Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, and Carl
Jung are considered as the classic
schools for the reason that they primed
the underpinning of clinical practice
a. FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY - The approach of
Freud in counselling and psychotherapy is popularly known as
psychoanalysis which is an analysis of the mind. Its objective is to
restructure the personality by resolution of intrapsychic conflict,
which focuses in the internal forces such as unconscious processes .It
focuses on personal adjustment through reorganization of internal
forces within the person to help him/her become aware of the
unconscious aspect of his/her personality. It focuses on personal
adjustment through reorganization of internal forces within the person
to help him/her become aware of the unconscious aspect of his/her
personality.
Psychoanalysis has three goals:

1. To help clients gain insights about themselves

2. To help clients work unstuck issues
3. To help clients cope with the stresses of the society.
The following techniques may be used:

 FREE ASSOCIATION - a method to encourage the patient to

discuss whatever comes to his mind in order to release suppressed
emotions.
 DREAM ANALYSIS - a method to explore unconscious process
using dreams.
 CONFRONTATION AND CLARIFICATION - a form of
feedback procedure for patients to become aware of what is
happening to him/her and to determine areas for further analysis.
 INTERPRETATION - a process of giving insights to patients
about their inner conflicts which can be reflected in resistance,
transference, and other processes.
b. ADLER’S INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY -
The approach of Adler in counseling and
psychotherapy focuses on the role of cognition is
psychological functioning. Its objective is to gain
an understanding of the clients and assess why
clients behave and think in certain ways.
Adlerian counselling focuses on four goals:
 Establishment and maintenance of egalitarian relationship
 Analysis of client’s lifestyle
 Interpretation of client’s lifestyle in a way that promotes
insight
 Reorientation and re-education of the client with
accompanying behavior change.
Adlerian techniques can be
explained in four phases of
Adlerian Psychotherapy.
First Phase: ESTABLISHING THE
RELATIONSHIP

 Use of listening skills

 Winning respect and offering hope
 Encouragement
Second Phase: PERFORMING
ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT

 Lifestyle Analysis
 Dream analysis may be used to
conduct lifestyle analysis
Third Phase: PROMOTING INSIGHT

 Insight Process
Fourth Phase: REORIENTATION
 Spitting in the Client’s Soup
 The push-button techniques
 Catching oneself
 Acting as-if
 Task setting and commitment
c. JUNG’S ANALYTIC PSYCHOLOGY - The
counselling and psychology approach of Jung is
referred to as psychotherapy. Jung’s approach
highlights the task of the unconscious processes
in “psychological functioning”. The approach
applies dreams and other procedures to determine
the unconscious processes to utilize the result to
boost the functioning of personality and to
enhance mental health and wellness.
2. EXPERIENTIAL THEORIES It falls under the
affective theories which are concerned about
generating impact on the emotions of clients to
effect change. The well-known experiential
theorists include Rogers and Perls
a.Roger’s Person-Centered Counselling -
It has been described as the “if-then”
approach. The following conditions
were formulated by Rogers:

 Counsellor Congruence
 Empathic Understanding
 Unconditional Positive Regard
b. Pearl’s Gestalt Therapy - It focuses on the here and
now. It refers to the dialogue between the therapist and
the client wherein the client experiences from the
inside what the therapist observes from the outside.
The goal of the approach is awareness on the
environment, of responsibility for choices, of self, and
self-acceptance. Gestalt’s technique include the
following:
 ASSUMING RESPONSIBILITY - rephrase the
statement and add “I take responsibility for it”.
 USING PERSONAL PRONOUNS - take
personal responsibility by saying “I or me “instead
of “us or us”
 NOW I AM AWARE - assists the clients to get in
touch with himself/herself.
 THE EMPTY CHAIR TECHNIQUE - helps
client work through conflicting parts of personality.
3. COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOURAL THEORIES

a. ELLIS RATIONAL EMOTIVE BEHAVIOR

THERAPY - REBT highlights the role of cognitions on
emotions with assertion that persons can be best
appreciated in terms of internal cognitive dialogue or self-
talk. REBT views the emotional disorder is associated
with cognitive processes that are not rational.
REBT TECHNIQUES:

 COGNITIVE - reforming ideas

that are reasonable and irrational.
Focus on “defeating cognitions”.

 EMOTIVE TECHNIQUES -
focus on the client’s “affective or
emotional domain
BEHAVIOURAL TECHNIQUES - Focus
on the full array of behavioral methods
such as assertiveness training, relaxation
therapy, self-management, self-
monitoring, and homework assignment
b. BECK’S COGNITIVE THERAPY TECHNIQUES:

 DECATASTROPHIZING - referred to as “what if”.

 REDEFINING - rearticulating an obstacle to something that
may be useful.
 DECENTERING - This will help the client apprehend that they
are not the “center of attention”.
 BEHAVIORAL TECHNIQUES – this method applies a broad
selection of methods to assist clients obtaining ‘essential skills,
relaxing preparing for difficult situations, and exposing them to
feared, preparing for difficult situations, and exposing them to
feared situations”.
c. BERNE’S TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS -
Refers to examining and dissecting transactions
between people. It includes evaluating the “three ego
state of parent, adult, and child of each person”. The
fundamental goal is for the client to be “autonomous,
self-aware, spontaneous and have the capacity for
intimacy.”
TECHNIQUES:

 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS - assists clients to be

conscious of their “three ego”.
 TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS - assists clients to
“learn to communicate with complementary transactions.”
 SCRIPT ANALYSIS - looks into the “type of life script
the client has developed and how it can be re-written.”
 ANALYSIS OF GAMES - comprise of determining
“what games the clients play and how the games interfere
with interpersonal functioning.”