BY:

ELLORA DANSKI HISULER

AL MAJEN PIDO
 Table of Contents

Sample vs
01 Population 02 Types of
Sampling

Biological
03 04 Chemical
Sampling
When conducting a research, there were
times that it is not possible to gather data
from every member of that group. This is
where sampling comes in. Sampling is a
method of selecting participants (samples)
in your study from the total population.
A population is the entire group
that you want to draw
conclusions about.
A sample is the specific group
that you will collect data from.
The size of the sample is always
less than the total size of the
population.
 Why is sampling important in doing a
research?
Every researcher like you faces challenges when
working on a project. Most of the time, student-
researchers have limited resources but wanted to
gather reliable data. With sampling, you will:
• save time;
• save money; and
• save effort.
 The number of individuals or observations
included in an experiment is called sample size. It
can be determined using non-scientific and
scientific procedures. Some uses a certain
percentage of the total population while some
prefer to use complex formulas to determine the
exact number of samples.
There are two methods of sampling methods:
probability sampling and non-probability
sampling.
 Probability sampling means that every
member of the population has a chance of being
selected. It is mainly used in quantitative research.
If you want to produce results that are
representative of the whole population, probability
sampling techniques are the most valid choice.
There are four main types of probability sample.
1. Simple Random Sampling
In a simple random sampling, every
member of the population has an equal chance
of being selected in the study. Your sampling
frame should include the whole population. The
participants selected for the study would be
determined through some kind of “random”
process, such as assigning a number to every
member of the population and picking the
numbers out of a bowl or using a table of
randomly generated numbers.
For example,
 You want to select a simple random
sample of 40 Grade 9 SSC students
from LNHS. Assuming there are 110
Grade 9 SSC students in  LNHS. You
assign a number to every Grade 9
SSC student from 1 to 110 and use a
random generator to select 40
numbers.
2. Systematic sampling
Systematic sampling is similar to
simple random sampling, but it is
usually slightly easier to conduct.
Every member of the population is
listed with a number, but instead of
randomly generating numbers,
individuals are chosen at regular
intervals. You choose every "nth"
participants from a complete list.
For example,
All Grade 8 Students of LNHS are
listed in alphabetical order. From the
first 10 numbers, you randomly select a
starting point: number 6. From number
6 onwards, every 10th person on the list
is selected ( 6, 16, 26, 36, and so on),
and you end up with a sample of 100
people.
3. Stratified sampling
Stratified sampling involves dividing
the population into subpopulations that
may differ in important ways. It allows you
draw more precise conclusions by ensuring
that every subgroup is properly represented
in the sample. To use this sampling
method, you divide the population into
subgroups (called strata) based on the
relevant characteristic (e.g., gender
identity, age range, income bracket, job
role).
 Based on the overall
proportions of the population, you
calculate how many people should
be sampled from each subgroup.
Then you use random or 
systematic sampling to select a
sample from each subgroup.
For example,
The company has 700 female employees
and 300 male employees. You want to ensure
that the sample reflects the gender balance of
the company, so you sort the population into
two strata based on gender. Then you use
random sampling on each group, selecting 70
women and 30 men, which gives you a
representative of 100 people.
4. Cluster sampling
Cluster sampling also involves dividing the
population into subgroups, but each subgroup
should have similar characteristics to the whole
sample. Instead of sampling individuals from
each subgroup, you randomly select entire
subgroups.
If it is practically possible, you might include
every individual from each sampled cluster. If
the clusters themselves are large, you can also
sample individuals from within each cluster
using one of the techniques above.
For example,
A university has 12 campuses across
the county. If you cannot travel to
every campus to gather data, you may
use random sampling to choose 3
campuses that you may include in
your study.
Non-Probability Sampling
The second type of sampling is non-probability which is the
opposite of the first one. This involves non-random techniques
based on convenience or other criteria set by the researcher.
Since it does not involve random processes in selecting
participants, the members of the population will not have an
equal chance of being selected. For instance, the population of
your interest is Filipino senior citizens, but you only selected the
senior citizens in your barangay. Your sample would be non-
probability because senior citizens from other barangays have
no chance to participate in your study.
 There are four commonly used non-probability sampling:

1. Convenience sampling
A convenience sample simply includes the
individuals who happen to be most accessible to
the researcher.
This is an easy and inexpensive way to
gather initial data, but there is no way to tell if
the sample is representative of the population,
so it can’t produce generalizable results.
Convenience samples are at risk for both 
sampling bias and selection bias.
2. Purposive Sampling
Purposive sampling technique involves
you using your own judgement to select a
sample who will provide the best
Information to the purposes of the study. In
order to come up with an effective sample,
you must set clear criteria in choosing the
participants. This is also called
Judgmental sampling.
3. Snowball sampling
If the population is hard to access, snowball
sampling can be used to recruit participants via
other participants. The number of people you
have access to “snowballs” as you get in contact
with more people. The downside here is also
representativeness, as you have no way of
knowing how representative your sample is due
to the reliance on participants recruiting others.
This can lead to sampling bias.
4. Quota Sampling
In quota sampling, you set a standard
that will be your basis in selecting the
participants. The sample is created
based on specific characteristics like
gender, age and others. Creating sample
with this technique is time-efficient and
entirely non-random.
 PROBABILITY SAMPLING NON-PROBABILITY
SAMPLING

The samples are randomly Samples are selected on the basis

selected of the researchers subjective
judgement

Everyone in the population has Not everyone has an equal

ana equal chance of getting chance to participate
selected

Researchers use this technique Sampling bias is not a concern for

when they want to keep a tab on the researcher.
sampling bias.
 PROBABILITY SAMPLING NON-PROBABILITY
SAMPLING

samples from a larger population the researcher selects samples

are chosen using a method based based on the researcher’s
on the theory of probability. subjective judgment rather than
random selection.
This type of sampling is entirely This type of sampling is entirely
unbiased; hence, the results are biased, and hence the results are
also conclusive. biased, too, rendering the
research speculative.
Finding the correct audience is not Finding an audience is very
simple. simple.
LETS TRY HEHE
Activity 1: Identifying Population and
Sample
Directions: Fill up the table by writing the
population and sample in each given
situation.
SITUATION POPULATION SAMPLE
500 public school
teachers were randomly
selected from all public
schools in Pampanga to
find out which technology
resource is the most
effective tool for
assessment.

A movie house plans to sell

popcorn. The management
surveys 100 visitors at
random to find out their
favorite flavors of popcorn
SITUATION POPULATION SAMPLE
500 public school
teachers were randomly
All public 500 public
selected from all public school school teachers
schools in Pampanga to
find out which technology
teachers in in Pampanga
resource is the most Pampanga
effective tool for
assessment.

A movie house plans to sell

popcorn. The management
All the visitors Selected 100
surveys 100 visitors at of the movie visitors of the
random to find out their
favorite flavors of popcorn house movie house.
There are 40 students
in a class, you created
a sample selecting the
first 10 students to
arrive in school.

A restaurant owner
wants to know if
custpmers buy dessert
when they eat out. As
customers finish their
meal one day, 30
customers were
surveyed at random
There are 40 students
in a class, you created
All members of 10 students
a sample selecting the the class
first 10 students to
arrive in school.

A restaurant owner
wants to know if
All the 30 Costumers
custpmers buy dessert customers in surveyed
when they eat out. As
customers finish their
the restaurant
meal one day, 30
customers were
surveyed at random
Activity 2: Probability or Non-
Probability?
Directions: Read each statement
carefully and decide which method of
sampling is described. Write Probability
or Non-Probability.
1. The participants are chosen at random.
2. Sample is created based on the judgment and
convenience of the researcher.
3. It aims to produce samples that are truly
representative of the population.
4. In creating samples, is more tedious and time-
consuming.
5. Not every member has an equal chance of
being selected as part of the sample.
OK THAT’S IT FOR SAMPLING