CHARACTERISTICS,

PROCESSES AND
ETHICS OF
RESEARCH
LESSON OBJECTIVES:
1. Describe the characteristics of research;
2. Illustrate the processes of research; and
3. Define ethics in research.
 WHAT I KNOW
Read and analyze the following statements carefully. Write FACT if you think
the statement is correct, and BLUFF if incorrect.
__________ 1. Research should be empirical.
__________ 2. Research should be subjective.
__________ 3. Research follows a system in formulating its components.
__________ 4. Any unusual phenomenon may happen and can turn into a
potential problem.
__________ 5. The first step in writing a research is identifying any problem.
__________ 6. Research can be done in just one sitting.
__________ 7. The research process entails a careful investigation
leading to the discovery of new ideas, methods, or improvements.
__________ 8. Conducting a research may be done individually or
collaboratively.
__________ 9. A researcher must always adhere to the ethical codes
and policies of research.
__________ 10. Proper acknowledgment should only be given to
chosen authors cited and sources used in research.
CHARACTERIS
TICS OF
RESEARCH
 CHARACTERISTICS OF
RESEARCH (CRISTOBAL &
CRISTOBAL, 2017)
1. Research should be systematic.
2. Research should be objective.
3. Research should be feasible.
4. Research should be empirical.
5. Research should be clear.
WHAT CAN I DO?
Directions: Examine the following research scenarios and identify what characteristic of research is
disregarded. Then, suggest how can the researcher improve his/her work. Write your answers on
your notebook.

1. The researcher lacks explanation on the identified variables being studied.

Characteristic disregarded: ____________________________________________
Suggestion:
___________________________________________________________
2. The researcher does not follow the standard format in writing the research paper.
Characteristic disregarded: ____________________________________________
Suggestion:
___________________________________________________________
3. The researcher relies on the opinion of other researchers.
Characteristic disregarded: ____________________________________________
Suggestion: ___________________________________________________________
4. The researcher thinks of an implausible problem to solve.
Characteristic disregarded: ____________________________________________
Suggestion: ___________________________________________________________
5. The researcher uses information from a fabricated experimentation.
Characteristic disregarded: ____________________________________________
Suggestion: ___________________________________________________________
THE RESEARCH
PROCESS
THE RESEARCH PROCESS
WHAT HAVE I LEARNED?
What are the five phases of the research process?
Will you enumerate the seven significant steps in
conducting a study?
 ASSESSMENT
Categorize the following steps in which phase of the research
process they belong to. Use the legend below, and write your
answers on your notebook.
A – Conceptual Phase
B – Design and Planning Phase
C – Empirical Phase
D – Analytic Phase
E – Dissemination Phase
__________ 1. Making conclusions
__________ 2. Developing study procedures
__________ 3. Identifying the problem
__________ 4. Selecting a research design
__________ 5. Developing the research framework
__________ 6. Collecting data
__________ 7. Interpreting results
__________ 8. Analyzing data
__________ 9. Reviewing the literature
__________ 10. Determining the sampling and data collection plan
ETHICS IN
RESEARCH
 IMPORTANCE OF ETHICS IN
RESEARCH
1. It promotes the aims of research.
2. It upholds values that are essential to collaborative work.
3. It ensures that researchers can be held accountable to the
public.
4. It builds public support for research
5. It promotes a variety of moral and social values.
 ETHICAL CODES AND
POLICIES FOR RESEARCH
1. Honesty
2. Objectivity
3. Integrity
4. Care
5. Openness
 ETHICAL CODES AND
POLICIES FOR RESEARCH
6. Respect for intellectual property
7. Confidentiality
8. Responsible publication
9. Responsible mentoring
10. Respect for colleagues
 ETHICAL CODES AND
POLICIES FOR RESEARCH
11. Social responsibility
12. Non-discrimination
13. Competence
14. Legality
15. Human Subject Protection
 RIGHTS OF RESEARCH
PARTICIPANTS
1. Voluntary participation
2. Informed consent
3. Risk of harm
4. Confidentiality
5. Anonymity
 WHAT’S MORE
Suggest appropriate ethical actions that must be undertaken
in order to correct the unethical practices presented below.
Consider the ethical principles that must be followed in
conducting a research. Copy the table and answer it on your
notebook.
 Unethical Practices Actions
1. Bella, a graduating student, claimed the research work of her classmate. She
erased the name of the original researcher and placed her own.
2. Joseph, the class president, forced his classmates to participate in his study.

3. A group of research students secretly chose their adviser as the subject of

their research.
4. Sheila, an honor student, ranked last in the honor roll because of
nonparticipation in extra-curricular activities. A qualitative research about her
is conducted without informing her.
5. Delbert, a senior high school student, is planning to carry out his first
research on the misbehavior of fellow students during examinations. However,
he has no idea on the ethical guidelines in conducting such research.
ASSESSMENT
Identify whether the following actions follow the ethical codes and policies for research.
Write GO if you think it is ethical, and STOP if it is unethical. Write your answers on your
notebook.
__________ 6. Securing the safety of research participants
__________ 7. Rejecting criticisms from others
__________ 8. Exposing personal identity of respondents
__________ 9. Carrying out inconsistent actions
__________ 10. Treating all peers equally
__________ 11. Duplicating other publications
__________ 12. Obeying relevant laws
__________ 13. Keeping and managing agreements
__________ 14. Searching from credible online sources of information
__________ 15. Falsifying reported data and results
 Assessment:
 1. GO
 2. STOP
 3. STOP
 4. STOP
 5. GO
 6. STOP
 7. GO
 8. GO
 9. GO
 10. STOP
 __________ 1. Providing fabricated information
 __________ 2. Presenting your own biased opinions
 __________ 3. Considering the extraordinary nature of things
 __________ 4. Evaluating sources of information
 __________ 5. Counterchecking different evidence
 6. REJECT
 7. REJECT
 8. ACCEPT
 9. ACCEPT
 10. ACCEPT
 1. D
 2. B
 3. A
 4. B
 5. A
 6. C
 7. D
 8. D
 9. A
 10. B