TYPES OF

REPRODUCTION
ASEXUAL AND SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
 ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
Learning Content
At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to;

•  describe asexual reproduction;

• classify organisms according to their modes of asexual reproduction; and

• cite importance of producing new individuals through asexual  reproduction.

 Potato and Friends
Narrator:    In the farm, Potato is waiting so long to her friend Strawberry. 

Potato:      What happen to her? 

Narrator:    After ten minutes, Strawberry was grasping her breath going to Potato’s place.

Strawberry: I’m sorry Potato I’m late. My cousins and I are playing in our house, and they are here to

join us. 

Potato:      OH! That’s good.

Strawberry: Yeah! And it will be good if we are many. By the way, here are my cousins Onion,

Gladiolus, and Ginger. 

Potato       Hi! Good to see you. Ok, let’s go to my house, I guess we need to eat first before we

harvest. Let’s go!

Narrator:  After eating. They decided to play first before they go back to the farm. They play spin in a

bottle.

Onion:      You’re a good cook Potato. The food is so delicious.

Potato:     Really! Thank you. Ok, let’s start the game. So, Potato start spinning the bottle. If the mouth of

the bottle point to you, you will tell about your secret or unique characteristics. Agree?

Narrator:  Everyone said yes. And the game starts.

Potato:    Oh! So lucky I am the first. Hmmmm…. well, I’m a tuber, a specialized stem, usually short and

thickened and typically grow below the soil. Most tubers bear minute scale leaves, each with a bud that

has the potential for developing into a new plant. That’s it. Ok, let’s continue. I will spin now.

Ginger:   Oh! Lucky me. Well, I am a type of plant stem situated either at the soil surface or underground

that contains nodes from which roots and shoots originate. I am a rhizome that tends to grow horizontally

instead of vertically. Rhizomes grow under the soil and new growth may occasionally sprout at different

angles. Because it is found under the ground, a common misconception to me is I am part of the root.
However, I am actually a stem that grows beneath the surface of the ground. Ok, my turn to spin. Who’s

next?

Gladiolus:  It’s me. I am perennial flowering plants and I am a corm. Corm is a  short vertical, fleshy,

underground stem that acts as a food storage structure in certain seed plants. I reproduce by means of

small corms called cornels, and it will develop at the base of the corm grow into mature corms over a

period of a few years. That’s all. My time to spin. Here we go!

Onion:   Yes! It’s me Hmm…I am a bulb, my stem is shortened down to a disc, often  called the basal

plate from which roots arise around the edge. My spin. 

Strawberry: Oh! My turn. I’m pretty, just kidding she said. Well, my family called me stolon or runner. I

grow at the soil surface or just below ground that form adventitious roots at the nodes, and new plants

from the buds.

Potato:  Maybe we can stop the game. We can continue this later. Let’s go back to farm and start

harvesting the fruits and vegetables. And I think you will enjoy harvesting fruits and vegetables in

our farm.

Strawberry: Definitely. Let’s go my dear cousins.

Narrator:   After cleaning. They go to the farm. All of them have fun harvesting the whole afternoon. 

Questions?
1. Based on the story “Potato and Friends”, what type of reproduction is being exhibited by the

organisms? How do you define it?

2. What do you think is the reason why they have to reproduce?

 Asexual Reproduction

- is the creation of new organism from a single parent without combination of gametes.

• Therefore, the parent and the resulting offspring have the same genes and this is the

reason why they have the same traits. In other words, the parent and the offspring

are identical to each other.

- requires less energy since no mating is needed but can produce many offspring at one

reproductive cycle. 
 MODES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Ferns
1. Spore formation

• When a parent plant produces hundreds of

tiny spores which can grow into new plants.

When the spore case opens, the tiny spores

are released and may be carried by the wind

or water. Once the spore lands on favorable

environment, it develops into a new

organism.

Bread Molds
2. Budding

• when an outgrowth called

a bud grows and develops from the

parent animal and would

eventually separate to become a

new individual.
Hydra

Yeast Corals
3. Fission Sea
Anemone

• a mode of asexual reproduction

wherein two individuals will form

as the parent divides in half.

Amoeba

Bacteria
4. Fragmentation

• new organism grows from a fragment of

the parent. Each of these fragments

develop into matured, fully grown

Starfish
individuals.

Planaria
5. Regeneration

• when an organism replaces or repair

a lost damaged part of the body.

Starfish

Lobster
Vegetative Propagation
- is a mode of asexual reproduction in plants where a new plant can form from the root,

stem or leaf of an already existing plant.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION IN PLANTS

1. Runners/ Stolon
Bermuda
Grass
- an aboveground stem that grows

horizontally along the surface when

the stem touches the ground. Buds

from the stem form roots and leaves,

and a new plant develops.

Strawberry
2. Rhizomes

- an underground stem that grows

horizontally along the surface; shoots

from buds at nodes of the stem develop

into a new plant.

3. Tubers

- are enlarged and thickened

underground stem with buds or eye.

4. Bulb

- have a short, underground stem and

thick, fleshy leaves that are colorless.

- can reproduce several smaller bulbs,

each of which can grow into a new plant.

5. Corm

- is an enlarged, short, underground stem that stores food.

- resemble bulbs but do not have thick, fleshy leaves. New corms develop from the stem of

an old corm to produce new plants.

 SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
Learning Content
At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to;

• define sexual reproduction;

• distinguish the ways by which plants and animals reproduce sexually; and

• realize the importance of reproduction as an essential mechanism that ensures the

survival of the species.

Sexual Reproduction

- is a form of reproduction that involves two parents. Humans (and all animals that

reproduce sexually) have reproductive cells called gametes.

Gametes - are formed during meiosis, in the form of sperm (produced within the testes of males)

or eggs (produced within in the ovaries of females). Under favorable conditions, sperm and egg

cell unite in a process known as fertilization.

The resulting fertilized egg, or zygote, contains genes from both parents. Hence, the offspring

have unique combinations of genes. Offspring of sexual reproduction differ genetically from

their siblings and species extinction is highly unlikely.

 TYPES OF ANIMAL FERTILIZATION

1. External fertilization

- is characterized by the release of both sperm and egg into an external environment.

Many aquatic animals simply release their eggs and sperm into the water. The water becomes

the medium in which the sperm swims to unite with an egg. The female releases several

millions of tiny eggs into the water. The males, too, discharge almost at the same time in the

same spot. Through water movement, the sperm and egg mix. This way the chances of

fertilization are greater.

2. Internal fertilization

- is when the male deposits his sperm directly into the female's body.

In internal fertilization, small, motile sperm are introduced into the female reproductive tract

during mating. The sperm cells swim up the reproductive tract until they encounter a

mature egg or oocyte in an oviduct where fertilization occurs. Animals that undergo this type

of reproduction produce offspring in any of the following ways: oviparous, ovoviviparous,

and viviparous.
 Three ways of Internal Fertilization

1. Oviparous

After the eggs are fertilized internally, it

would complete its development outside

the mother’s body. The egg would receive

its nourishment through its yolk. This is

found in some bony and cartilaginous fish

(including clownfish), most reptiles, some

amphibians, all birds, and a few

mammals.
2. Ovoviviparous

The eggs are also fertilized internally and

receive their nourishment through its yolk.

However, eggs will complete its

development within the mother. They are

then fully developed when they are

hatched and released by the mother. It is

common in some bony fish, some

cartilaginous fish, and many reptiles.

3. Viviparous

The eggs are developed internally and

receive nourishment directly from the

mother’s blood through the placenta

rather than from the yolk. This can be

found in most cartilaginous fish, some

amphibians, a few reptiles, and almost

all mammals including humans.

 Difference Between Oviparous, Viviparous And Ovoviviparous Animals
Viviparous Animals
No eggs are laid. The young ones
are born live.
Almost all mammals.
Oviparous Animals Ovoviviparous Animals
Reproductive Strategy
The eggs hatch inside the
The eggs are laid outside the
mother’s body and are
mother’s body with minimal
nourished by yolk and other
embryonic development occurring
fluids until the animal is
within the mother.
born.
Examples
Some species of snakes and
Birds and Reptiles.
sharks.
 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS

The flower is the reproductive organ in

flowering plants. Flowers have structures

that produce the gametes necessary for

reproduction. It is a specialized part of an

angiosperm plant that occurs singly or in

clusters, possesses whorls of often colorful

petals or sepals. Take a look at the parts of

the gumamela flower below.

 Parts of a Gumamela Flower

A. Sterile Parts/ Non-Essential parts of a Flower- these parts are for support and help in

attracting insects for pollination.

1. Calyx - is a collection of sepals. It is

green, leaf-like structures that cover

and protects the rest of the flower.

They also support the other parts

when the bud opens.

2. Corolla - is found inside the calyx. It

usually consists of one or more petals.

These are often, but not always bright-

colored. Corolla together with calyx

frequently attracts insects. They may also

help protect the inner part of the flowers.

3. PEDUNCLE/ PEDICEL - stalk that

attaches the flower to the stem.

4. Receptacle- bulging extensions of the

pedicel.
B. Essential Parts or the Reproductive Parts

1.Stamen- the male reproductive part of the

flower and is collectively called as androecium.

It consists of the following

A. Filament - the slender stalk

B. Anther - a knoblike structure located at the

tip of the filament that produces colored pollen

grains.  Pollen contains sperm nuclei, which is

essential for reproduction.

 2. Pistil - the female reproductive part of the flower

and is collectively called as gynoecium. Pistil is also

known as carpel. It is usually flask-shaped and

consists of the following:

A. Stigma - expanded tip of the style and is usually

sticky which receive the pollen grains 

B. Style - long, slender stalk which supports the

stigma

C. Ovary - a swollen base where the style ends and

that bears the ovules. The ovules will later become

seeds. 
 Reproduction and Development in Selected Animals
Animals Breeding Place-Land or Fertilization External or Development of Embryo
Water Internal (Outside or Inside) the
female’s Body

Milkfish

Cat

Frog

Duck

Cow

Chicken

Dog

Turtle

Rat

Human