PROVIDE FORAGES

JULIE ANN G. PORE

TRAINER
WHAT IS FORAGE?
 FORAGE
Forage can be defined as “grasses, herbs and small shrubs that
are used as feed by livestock or wildlife”. Under natural situations
livestock feed on those parts of the available forage resources that
they are best adapted to utilize. Many definitions of forage
specifically exclude woody plants, whilst, others include buds and
some types of barks.
Under natural condition, intake of forage is generally correlated
w/ the amount of nutrients that ca be extracted from the different
species or types of feed.
Forage crop may:

Improve the total supply of bulk feed available to goats.

Improve the quality (digestive and protein of feed
Compensate for seasonal fluctuations in quality and quantity
of feed
Beneficial:

 Reduce soil erosion

 Provide a source of manure for food crops
 Provide firewood and building materials
 Reduce the labour required to feed goats
 Provide shade
Area for forage production

Along edge of a field

Grazing area
 Consideration in growing forage species:
Desired characteristics:
Annual/perennial
Tree
Bush
Grass
Creeping

Availability of planting materials:

Seed
Cutting
Rain fall
Temperature
Soil
Classes of Nutrients

1.Energy – capacity to do work

2.Protein – essential for growth
3.Mineral – essential for growth and reproduction
4.Vitamins – feed nutrient
5.Water – help liquefy the nutrient fermentation
 TYPES OF FORAGE

1. Grass
Are narrow leaf species that easily grow on vacant lots and
denuded areas where the topsoil is very thin, with mechanism
of adaptation to high temperature and high light intensity.
 2.Legumes

- are excellent source of both protein and energy for small

livestock, and have the added advantage of providing nitrogen
into the soil in w/c they are grown. As w/ grasses, they tend to
stop growing in the dry season and the are more difficult to
conserve than grasses, particularly as silage as they do not
pickle well.
3. Scrub and trees

Are particularly good at utilizing forage taken from

trees and scrub. It includes both leaves and young
twigs, and indeed both sheep and goat will often eat
bark readily.
FORAGE SPECIES
Forage is a plant material (mainly plant leaves
and stems) eaten by grazing livestock
Some common pasture grasses and
legumes used as cattle and buffalo feed:
Planting materials
GRASSES
Para grass (Brachiara mutica)
Guinea grass (Panicum maximum)
Napier/Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum)
Star grass (Cynodon plectostachyus)
Koronivia, Humidicola (Brachiaria humidicola)
Kennedy/congo grass (Brachiaria ruziziensis)
Pangola grass (Digitaria decumbens)
Alabang-X/Angleton Grass (Dicanthium aristatum)
Golden timothy/setaria (setaria sphacelata)
LEGUMES
Mani-mani (Arachis pentoii)
Bundle flower/haropay (Desmanthus)
Woody leguminous (Flemingia)
Purple bush-bean/Siratro (Macroptilium
atropurpureum)
Butterfly pea/centro (Centrosema pubescens)
Pencil flower (Stylosanthes)
Soy beans (Glycine max)
Sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)
NATIVE VEGETATION
Talahib (saccharum spontaneum)
Cogon (Imperata cylindrica)
Bagokbok (themeda triandra)
Amorseco (chrysopogon aciculatus)
Misamis grass (capillipedum parviflorum).
Malunggay (Moringa Oleifera)
Misamis grass (capillipedium parviflorum)
Cassava Leaves (Manihot esculenta)
Langka (Artocarpus heterophyllus)
SCRUB AND TREES
Madre de agua (Tricanthera gigantea)
Black mulberry, S-W Asia (Morus nigra)
White mulberry , East Asia (Morus alba)
Acacia
Madre de cacao/Kakawate (Gliricidia sepium)
Rensonii (Desmodium cinereum)
Indigo (Indigofera tinctoria)
Katuray/sesbania (Sesbania grandiflora)
Ipil-Ipil (Leucaena leucocephala)
TOXIC WEEDS
Lantana, piyo-piyo (Lantana camara)
Bracken fern, pako-pako (Pteridium aquilinum
Hagonoy (Chromolaena odorata)
Giant mimosa (Mimosa invise)
Wild Eggplant (Solanum ferox)
Pongapong (Amorphophallus campanulatus)
Horse tail (Equisetum arvense)
Unwanted vegetation and
debris
Unwanted vegetations and debris

When aquatic plants

begin to flourish and
e s o f
affect human activities p i e c
t e re d a in s
scat
negatively, these plants
r r e m
are referred to as
s te o
"weeds." w a
1. Poisonous and Destructive Plant
2. Inedible vegetation
3. tree stumps
4. broken bottles, glass, plastics, and other
non-biodegradable
5.garbage
6. soil contaminants( chemicals, metals,
stones, construction debris)
7. weeds.
 GENERAL GUIDELINE IN FEEDING

1. Begin with enough land to provide the goat/sheep.

2. Graze goats on forage first until brush is browsed down, or
until the pasture grasses is about two inches.
3.Remove the herd until browse re-grows six to twelve inches,
or pasture reaches six to eight inches.
 GENERAL GUIDELINE IN FEEDING

4. Raise kids away from adults where they won’t pick up

worms.
5. Separate wethers to maximize the growth for meat
production.
 Pagkaon han Kanding

Forage – high in fiber.

2. By-product
Example:
Molasses, tahop han
humay, uhot ug corn
stover
 Kinaiya han Kanding ha parte
pagkaon

 Goats are browsers

 Prefer aerial part of vegetation
 Gusto han kanding an iba iba nga klase hin pag
kaon ug iba iba nga lugar
 Dire makaon hin pag kaon nga nahugawan hin
iba nga hayop
Kun Kulang han dekalidad nga pagkaon

Mahinay ngan minus an tubo (ADG)

maiha mahamtong (puberty)
Ubos an chansa hin pagburod Low profit
Maiha manganak pag-utro
Hamubo an produksyon han gatas
 EKSAKTO NGA NUTRISYON HAN
HAYOP
 Iksakto nga nutrisyon guinkikianhanglan han
normal nga pagtubo,pagdako ngan pagdamo han
hayop
 Kon mahatagan hin eksakto nga pagkaon an
hayop may-ada resistensiya ha mga sakit ngan
maresulta hin maupay nga tubo ngan pagpanganak.
 Mapahitaas han produkyon han gatas nga
makahatag hin hitaas nga kita han tag iya.
 EKSAKTO NGa PAGKAON HAN HAYOP

Damo an Karne

Masayon an panganak Daku an

kita o ganansya
Hinganak

Damo an Gatas
Grazing

As the term implies, the goats are allowed to

graze in the pasture area for at least eight hours a
day. They are only kept inside the house during the
unfavorable hours of the day and the during bad
weather. This system can be used for both milk and
meat production.
Three favorable point in the grazing system
of raising goats are:

1. The feeding in the pasture is more natural for the

goats and will also provide them desirable exercise.
2. Feeding is not laborious as in zero grazing because
the goat themselves are the ones going to the pasture
area to look for their feeds.
Three favorable point in the grazing system
of raising goats are:

3. The building is less expensive to construct because

you do not need to provide partitions as in the case of
zero grazing system.
 These are the Unfavorable Points:
1. The goats will be more exposed to internal parasite
infestation, especially when they are allowed to
continuously graze on contaminated pasture areas.
2. Goats do not like rain, thus when there is rain for a
day or two, the goat go hungry unless supplementary
grasses are provided.
 These are the Unfavorable Points:

3. The space requirement will be large,

approximately ½ hectare for every 6 does and
one buck.
 These are the Unfavorable Points:

4. If goats are being used for milk, the amount of milk

produced is lesser than with zero grazing.
5. Goats are exposed to dogs and are easily stolen
6. Fencing is very expensive.
 Stall Feeding/Cut and carry

 Usa ini ka pamaagi hit

pagpakaon kanding
diin ang hayop aada la
hit tangkal ngan
gindadad.an la hin
pagkaon. (cut and
carry)
 Advantages:

 Diri makadistroso hit tanom.

 An kanding adA hin maupay kabutangan.
 Minus ug sakit.
 Gutiay la an katugwayan sa kanding.
 Mayda balor ang tae sa kanding.
 Ngan kun karuyag patambukon an kanding
 Disadvantage:

 Matrabaho
 GindaDad.an pagkaon aga ug kulop.
 Mayda oras hit pagkuha pagkaon
para ipakaon.
 Intensive Feed Garden

Intensive feed garden is the planting of forage and leguminous trees together
on a piece of land as potential nutritional source of animals feeds throughout the
year. It requires 200 sq.m. To feed a cattle.
The concept of IFG aims at maximizing the production of a fodder in a limited
area (10 m x 20 m) through extensive cultivation of leguminous trees, shurbs, and
other grasses. This technology is recommended where compound farming is
practiced and livestock have to be confined. It is appropriate where feed is scarce
and not readily available or for a “cut and carry” system.
 Requirements for making IFG
1. Good water supply. In dry season, it is a vital requirement
for forage growing. You should plant your forage in a site
where you can easily obtain water from the plants.
2. Good soil drainage. Establish your garden on a site w/ a
slight slope to provide drainage, especially during rainy
season. If your land is flat, dig drainage channels or ditches
around the planting site
 Requirements for making IFG
3. Soil fertility. Soil is a natural medium for plant
growth and is the primary resource of agriculture. The
soil in your garden should be fertile enough to make
plants grow.
4. Sunlight availability. Our garden site should receive
sunshine throughout the day. Growing forage grasses
needs sunshine to manufacture food.
5. Good air circulation. It refers to the intensity of wind passing
through your garden site. Strong wind is not good for forage
grasses. Your site should leave natural windbreaks around,
including hills, trees and leaves.
6. Labor. It is the most important support to develop your garden.
If you don’t give emphasis on the labor works on pasture
development in your garden, it will not last to sustain herds and
pasture needs.
7. Time allocation and tender loving care. As a gardener, time
allocation and tender loving care are necessary to your garden. You
will need 2-3 hours a day to care for your planted forage grasses.
8. Interest. Willingness to adopt the technology.
Fertilizer

 Organic fertilizer
 In-organic fertilizer
 Fertilizer( Organic)

Chicken dung
1. INDIGENOUS MICROORGANISMS - IMO
2. LACTIC ACID BACTERIA SERUM – LABS
3. FERMENTED FRUIT JUICE – FFJ
4. FERMENTED PLANT JUICE – FPJ
5. FISH AMINO ACID – FAA
6. ORIENTAL HERB NUTRIENT – OHN
7. CALCIUM PHOSPHATE - (CALPHOS)
 Fertilizer( Inorganic)

 Ammonium Nitrate
 Potassium Nitrate
 Calcium Nitrate
 Urea
Root Inoculants
Pest control measures

1. Organic Pesticides
2. Chemical Pesticides
3. Biological Control
4. Selection of pest resistant forages
 Organic pesticides

BOTANICAL CONCOCTION
SPRAY
BOTANICAL SPRAY1.
- are generally used in controlling pest
and diseases. this is used in plants having
pesticidal properties. Care must be observed
as there are botanicals that have properties
similar to chemical pesticides.
Hot pepper spray- 100g ripe fruit + 1 L water then add
10 gram soap( powder/ bar with no “ bleaching
material”) dissolved in 5 L water.
2. Garlic spray- 100g finely chopped garlic soaked in
mineral oil for 25 hours and mixed with 10 g soap
dissolved in 1 L water and again 20 L water.
3. Marigold Spray- 2-4 tbsp. juice from the root + 1 L
water. This drives away pest because of its repulsive
odor.
4. Ginger ( Luy-a) spray- 50 g luy-a ( ground ) = 3 L water
+ 12 ml dissolved soap powder/ bar ( ½ hectare ) to
eliminate worm ( ulod)
5. Kakawate & neem tree leaves spray- 1 kg kakawate
leaves = 1 kg neem tree leaves soak in 5 L tap water for
3 days. After 3 days, add 15 L water then spray to
eliminate whitefies
CHEMICAL PESTICIDES

• are substances that are meant to

control pests, including weeds
• use to kill insects that damage the
plants or crops
Biological control
 
• a method of controlling pests such
as insects, mites, weeds and plant diseases using other
organisms

• retention of predators like frog and snakes

Thank you!