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Vitamin A - BDS
Vitamin A - BDS
Vitamin A - BDS
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CLASSIFICATION
FAT SOLUBLE
• VITAMIN A
• VITAMIN D
VITAMINS • VITAMIN E
• VITAMIN K
WATER SOLUBLE
• B COMPLEX
• VIT C
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FAT SOLUBLE WATER SOLUBLE
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V
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VITAMIN A
Beta carotene
CHEMISTRY
fat soluble
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Three different compounds with vitamin A activity are :
retinol (vitamin A alcohol),
retinal (vitamin A aldehyde) and
retinoic acid
retinal reductase
Retinal retinol.
This reaction is readily reversible
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Side chain contains alternate double bonds, hence
many isomers are possible
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2. Absorption of Vitamin A
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5. Biochemical Role of Vitamin A
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A single photon can excite the rod cell. The photon produces immediate
conformational change in rhodopsin and all-transretinal is produced.
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Alternatively, all-transretinal is transported to liver and then reduced to all-transretinol by alcohol dehydrogenase(ADH).
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Dark Adaptation Mechanism
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Rods are for Vision in Dim Light
In the retina, there are two types of photosensitive cells, the rods and the
cones.
Rods are responsible for perception in dim light. RHODOPSIN is made up
of 11-cisretinal + opsin.
Deficiency of cis-retinal will lead to increase in dark adaptation time and
night blindness.
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8. Cones are for Color Vision
i. Cones are responsible for vision in bright light as well as color vision.
They contain the photosensitive protein, conopsin (photopsin).
ii. In cone proteins also, 11-cis-retinal is the chromophore.
Reduction in number of cones or the cone proteins, will lead to color
blindness
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9. Biochemical Functions of Vitamin A
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10. Deficiency Manifestations of Vitamin A
All the ocular changes mentioned so far are completely reversible when
vitamin is supplemented
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NORMAL VISION NIGHT BLINDNESS
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d. Keratomalacia: When the xerophthalmia persists for a long time, it
progresses to keratomalacia (softening of the cornea).
Later, corneal opacities develop. Bacterial infection
leads to corneal ulceration, and total blindness.
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f. Skin and Mucous Membrane Lesions:
vitamin.
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11. Causes for Vitamin A Deficiency
i. Decreased intake.
ii. Obstructive jaundice causing defective absorption.
iii. Chronic nephrosis, where RBP is excreted through urine.
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ASSESSMENT OF DEFICIENCY
Animal sources include milk, butter, cream, cheese, egg yolk and liver. Fish
liver oils (cod liver oil and shark liver oil) are very rich sources of the
vitamin.
Vegetable sources contain the yellow pigment beta carotene.
Carrot contains significant quantity of beta carotene.
Papaya, mango, pumpkins, green leafy vegetables (spinach, amaranth) are
other good sources for vitamin A activity
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13. Daily Requirements of Vitamin A
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14. Hypervitaminosis A or Toxicity
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National immunisation schedule
MMR
years
THANK YOU
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