Group 2

THE CELL
1
Here is where our presentation begins
 GROUP MEMBERS

01 02 03
Nguyen Huynh
Hoang Lan Ngoc Tran Vo Viet Tam
Thanh Thao
Student ID: BTBCIU22032 Student ID: BTBCIU22057 Student ID: BTBCIU22063

04 05 06
Ha Nguyen Hong Phan Vu Gia
Le Thanh Khue
An Han
Student ID: BTBTIU22273 Student ID: BTBTIU22201 Student ID: BTBCIU22075
 QUESTION 1:
Distinguish between the following pairs of terms:

01 Magnification & Resolution

02 Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells

03 Free & Bound Ribosomes

Smooth & Rough Endoplasmic
04
Reticulum (ER)
1 Magnification

Definition: The number of

times larger an image is, than
the real size of the object.

Formula: Magnification =

Observed size of the image

Actual size
1 Resolution

Definition: The ability to

distinguish between two
objects which are very close to
each other.
- The higher the resolution of
an image is, the clearer the
detail can be seen.
 2 Differences between:
PROKARYOTIC Cells EUKARYOTIC Cells
★ Smaller & simpler: ★ Larger & more complex:
● No nucleus ● Membrane-bound nucleus
(DNA free floating in an unbound (DNA is stored in nucleus)
region called “nucleoid”)
● DNA structure is circular ● DNA structure is doubled-stranded
and linear
● No membrane-bound organelles ● Membrane-bound organelles

● Unicellular ● Multicellular or unicellular

● Including: Bacteria, Archaea ● Animals, plants, fungi, protists

3
FREE BOUND
RIBOSOMES RIBOSOMES

Are located in Are attached to

cytoplasm the ER

Synthesize proteins Synthesize proteins

mostly for use within primarily for
the cell transporting out of
the cell
 4
SMOOTH ER ROUGH ER
1) Does not have ribosomes 1) Has ribosomes attached to its membrane

2) Organized of tubules and vesicles 2) Is organized of cisternae and a few

tubules

3) Connected with plasmalemma 3) Connect with the nuclear envelope

4) Develops from the Rough ER 4) Develops from the nuclear envelope

5) Main function: - Lipids, steroid synthesis 5) Main function: participated in protein

- Detoxification synthesis & transportation
- Metabolism of
carbohydrate
 QUESTION 2
Describe the structure and function of the components of the
endomembrane system
 Endomembrance system
01 Nuclear envelope
03
02 The endoplasmic reticulum

03 The Golgi Apparatus

04 Lysosomes

05 Vacuoles

06 Plasma membrane
 The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Biosynthetic
1 Factory

Structure:
Large, dynamic structure
Accounts for more than half of the
total membrane in many
eukaryotic cells
There are two distinct regions of
ER: Smooth ER and Rough ER.
 Smooth ER
Structure :
-tube-like structure located
-lack of ribosomes
Functions:
– Synthesizes lipids
– Metabolizes carbohydrates
– Detoxifies poison
– Stores calcium
Rough ER
Structure:
-largely made of sheets
-ribosomes studding its surface
Functions:
– Has bound ribosomes (proteins
covalently bonded to carbohydrates)
– Distributes transport vesicles,
proteins surrounded by membranes
– A membrane factory for the cell
 The Golgi Apparatus: Shipping and Receiving
2
Center
Structure:
Consists of flattened membranous sacs
called cisternae and associated vesicles
Have cis face: receiving side and trans
face:exit and shipping side

Functions:
Modifies products of the ER
Manufactures certain macromolecules
Sorts and packages materials into
transport vesicles
3 Lysosomes: Digestive Compartments

Structure:
Membrane-enclosed organelles that contain an array of enzymes

Functions:
Digest macromolecules (hydrolyze proteins, fats, polysaccharides,
and nucleic acids)
Ingest and kill pathogen (phagocytosis)
Recycle the cell’s own organelles and macromolecules by remove old,
damaged substances (autophagy)
 Vacuoles: Diverse Maintenance Compartments
4

Structure:
A membrane bound structure found in the cytoplasmic matrix of a cell
Found in many mature plant cells
A plant cell or fungal cell may have one or several vacuoles

Functions: hold organic compounds and water

=>The endomembrane system: regulates protein traffic and performs
metabolic functions in the cell
=>These components are either continuous or connected via transfer by
vesicles
 QUESTION 3
BRIEFLY EXPLAIN THE ROLE OF:

01 Mitochondria

02 Chloroplasts

03 Peroxisomes
1 Mitochondria
● Mitochondria are a part of eukaryotic cells.

● The main job of mitochondria is to perform

cellular respiration.

● The other major role played by mitochondria is

carrying out cellular metabolism.
02
Chloroplasts
 Chloroplasts are also
found in photosynthetic
tissues that do not appear
green

Chloroplasts are the site of

Chloroplasts are photosynthesis, the process by which
present in the cells of light energy is converted to chemical
all green tissues of energy, resulting in the production of
plants and algae oxygen and energy-rich organic
compounds
03 Peroxisomes Peroxisomes play an important role in
lipid production and are also involved
in the conversion of reactive oxygen
species such as hydrogen peroxide into
safer molecules like water and oxygen by
the enzyme catalase.

Peroxisomes are small vesicles,

single membrane-bound organelles
found in the eukaryotic cells.
 QUESTION 4
Describe the function of the
cytoskeleton
Cytoskeleton = Cell + shape of protein

THREE
TYPES
OF
CYTOSKELETON
 Microtubules

Pull chromosomes to the poles by

microtubules of the chromophore

Transport of organelles from one

place to another

Maintenance of cell shape

 Microfilaments

Aid in cytokinesis: division of the

cytoplasm of a cell into two cells

Aid in cell motility and allow single-

celled organisms to move

Involved in cytoplasmic streaming:

transports nutrients and cell organelles
 Intermediate filaments

Support the nuclear envelope that

surrounds the nucleus

Maintain the cell’s shape, bear

tension

Provide structure support to the

cell
Function of Cytoskeleton

Structural support
Maintains shape of cell
Provide anchorage of organelles
Motility
Cell locomotion
Cilia, flagella, etc
Regulation
Organize structures and activities of cell
 QUESTION 5
Compare the structure and functions of
microtubules, microfilaments, and
intermediate filaments
 Microfilaments Intermediate
Properties Microtubules
(Actin Filaments) Filament

Hollow tubes, wall Two intertwined Fibrous proteins

consists of 13 columns strands of actin supercoiled into
of tubulin molecules thicker cables

Structure
 Microfilaments Intermediate
Properties Microtubules
(Actin Filaments) Filament

Maintain the cell’s shape

Separating Cleavage furrow Support cell
chromosomes during formation in cell shape, fix
cell division (as in division organelles in place
centrosome)
Function Cytoplasmic
Guiding movement streaming
of organelles (as in
flagella and cilia) Cell motility (as in
pseudopodia)
Muscle contraction
 QUESTION 7
Describe four different intercellular
junctions
 1 PLASMODESMATA IN PLANT CELLS

- Are channels that perforate

plant cell walls.

- Water and small solutes (and

sometimes proteins and RNA)
can pass from cell to cell.
 Tight Junctions, Gap Junctions, and
2
Desmosomes in Animal Cells
A. Tight junctions
- Membranes of neighboring cells are
pressed together, preventing leakage
of extracellular fluid.

- Cells are held tightly against each

other by many individual groups of
tight junction proteins called
claudins.
B. Gap junctions
- Provide cytoplasmic channels
between adjacent cells.

- Provide channels for small

molecules to move from the
cytoplasm of one cell into the
cytoplasm of the neighboring
cell.
C. Desmosomes

- Fasten cells together into

strong sheets.

- Another type of cadherin links cells

together and connects to cytoplasmic
intermediate filaments.