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‫بسم‪ ‬هللا‪ ‬الرحمن‪ ‬الرحيم‪ ‬‬
 Important statistical terms
•Population:
a large set of items that have
something in common

•Sample:
A subset of the population
?Why sampling
Get information about large
populations
 Less costs
 Less field time
 More accuracy i.e. Can Do A Better Job
of Data Collection
 When it’s impossible to study the whole
population
Target Population: 
The population to be studied/ to which the
investigator wants to generalize his
results
Sampling Unit:
 smallest unit from which sample can be
selected
Sampling frame 
List of all the sampling units from which
sample is drawn
Sampling scheme
Method of selecting sampling units from
sampling frame
 Types of sampling

• Non-probability samples

• Probability samples
 Non probability samples
 Convenience samples (ease of access)
sample is selected from elements of a
population that are easily accessible
 Snowball sampling (friend of
friend….etc.)
 Purposive sampling (judgemental)
• You chose who you think should be
in the study
Quota sample
 Non probability samples

•Probability of being chosen is unknown

•Cheaper- but unable to generalise results
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•Potential for bias
Methods used in probability
samples

 Simple random sampling

 Systematic sampling
 Multi-stage sampling
 Stratified sampling
 Cluster sampling
Probability samples

• Random sampling
– Each subject has a known probability
of being selected
• Allows application of statistical
sampling theory to results to:
– Generalise
– Test hypotheses
 Conclusions
• Probability samples are the best

• Ensure
– Representativeness
– Precision
 Process
• The sampling process comprises several stages:
– Defining the population of concern
– Specifying a sampling frame, a set of items or
events possible to measure
– Specifying a sampling method for selecting
items or events from the frame
– Determining the sample size
– Implementing the sampling plan
– Sampling and data collecting
– Reviewing the sampling process
Simple random sampling
 Table of random numbers
684257954125632140
582032154785962024
362333254789120325
985263017424503686
 Steps of sample selection
1. Selection of the first page to start with
2. Determining the starting point within the selected page
3. Determination of number of random digits – If N is 10 or
less use 1 digit                 - If N 11 to 100 use 2
digits         - If N 101 to 1000 use 3 digits
4. Determination of direction of selection
5. Reject number if > N or already selected before
 SIMPLE RANDOM
..……SAMPLING
Advantages
• Selection procedures are easy

Disadvantages
• If sampling frame large, this method impracticable.
• Minority subgroups of interest in population may not
be present in sample in sufficient numbers for study.
 Systematic sampling
1- Construct a frame for the population
2- First member of sample is selected by
SRS
3- Sampling proportion
Ratio between sample size and population
size. If population size is 12 and sample
size is 4 n 4

So sampling proportion N = 12
= 1:3
Select one every 3 persons in the
population
Systematic sampling
 SYSTEMATIC
..…… SAMPLING
Advantages
• Simplicity of selection even with large sample
• More representative for the population than SRS
Disadvantages
• Difficulty in construction of sampling frame if
population size is large
• Sometimes we may reach a sample size different from
required sample size (if N = 11 and n = 4 if first
member number 3 then other members 6, 9, 12
• Sample may be biased if hidden periodicity in
population coincides with that of selection
 ..……MULTISTAGE SAMPLING
• This technique, is to proceed in the
selection of sample in stages and for each
stage construct a frame.

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 MULTISTAGE
..…… SAMPLING
Advantages
• No difficulty in construction of sampling frame
• Useful when we want to select a sample
representative for the whole nation
Disadvantages
• Degree of precision is low
 Stratified Sampling
• A two-step process in which the population is
partitioned into subpopulations, or strata.
• The strata should be mutually exclusive and every
population element should be assigned to one and
only one stratum and no population elements should
be omitted.
• The elements within a stratum should be as
homogeneous as possible, but the elements in
different strata should be as heterogeneous as
possible.
• The stratification variables should also be closely
related to the characteristic of interest (objective of
study).
• Elements are selected from each stratum by a random
procedure, usually SRS or systematic sample.
• A major objective of stratified sampling is to increase
precision without increasing cost.
 ..……STRATIFIED SAMPLING
• Advantages:
Adequate representation of minority subgroups
of interest can be ensured by stratification.
The degree of precision of results is always
higher than any other probability Sample of
same size.
• Disadvantages
Difficulties in construction of the frame when
stratum sizes are large
.……STRATIFIED SAMPLING

Draw a sample from each stratum

: Some of the factors used for stratification

•Gender
•Age
•Socioeconomic level
•Education
 Methods of
allocation of sample
size over strata

Proportional Optimum allocation

Equal allocation
allocation ni =
ni = n/k
ni = (n*Ni)/N (n*Ni*Si)/(sumNi*Si)

n(sample size )
ni (sample size of stratum)
Ni (stratum size)
Si (standard deviation of stratum)
K (number of strata)
 ..……STRATIFIED SAMPLING
• Equal allocation:
A population divided to 3 strata and the
required sample size is 120. compute the
sample size of each strata.
ni = 120/3 = 40
 ..……STRATIFIED SAMPLING
• Proportional allocation:
A population of size 12000 divided to 3 strata
0f size 6000, 4000, and 2000. compute the
sample size of each strata given that required
sample size is 240..
ni1 = (240*6000)/12000= 120
ni2 = (240*4000)/12000= 80
ni3 = (240*2000)/12000 = 40
 ..……STRATIFIED SAMPLING
• Optimum allocation:
A population of size 12000 divided to 3 strata
0f size 6000, 4000, and 2000. compute the
sample size of each strata given that required
sample size is 240 and SD of strata are 1, 2, 5
respectively.
Sum Ni*Si = 6000+8000+10000= 24000
ni1 = (240*6000*1)/24000= 60
ni2 = (240*4000*2)/ 24000 = 80
ni3 = (240*2000*5)/ 24000 = 100
 Cluster sampling
•Cluster: a group of sampling units close to each
other i.e. crowding together in the same area or
neighborhood
•Population divided into clusters of homogeneous units,
usually based on geographical contiguity.
•Sampling units are groups rather than individuals.
•A sample of such clusters is then selected.
•All units from the selected clusters are studied.
• Cluster sampling is an example of 'two-stage
sampling' .
• First stage a sample of areas is chosen;
• Second stage a sample of respondents within those areas
is selected.
• Population divided into clusters of homogeneous units,
usually based on geographical contiguity.
• Sampling units are groups rather than individuals.
• A sample of such clusters is then selected.
• All units from the selected clusters are studied.

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 Cluster sampling
Section 1 Section 2

Section 3

Section 5

Section 4
 Clusters should be small in size
 No overlap between clusters
 Clusters should cover all the survey area

•Steps for selection of a cluster sample

Country
Region
Districts
Clusters
Households
1. Construct a frame containing the
communities with population and
cumulative population.

2. Compute sample interval = Total

cumulative population / No. of clusters =
6700/3 = 2233

3. Select a random number between 1 and

Suppose that number is 1814

Compare the random number with the

cumulative population from above

downward. The community opposite

the first cumulative population > = the

(1900 opposite community 4)

Add the sampling interval to the

random number (2233+1814= 4047)

and compare with the cumulative

population as in step 5 to select

second cluster (community 6)

• Add the sampling interval to the sum

obtained in step 6 (2233+4047=

6280). Repeat step 6 to get the third

cluster (community 10