KASHMIR & Its International Issues

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 KASHMIR CONFLICT…
 Kashmir conflict is between India & Pakistan
 China plays third party role in conflict
 Conflict started after partition of India (In 1947)
 Both India & Pakistan claimed entirety of J&K
 India controls approximately 55% of land area
 Pakistan & China control the remaining 30% & 15%

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 ORIGIN OF KASHMIR ISSUE…

British rule in the Indian subcontinent ended in 1947

 With the creation of new states: Pakistan and India
States were asked to join India ,Pakistan or remain
independent
J&K was ruled by the Hindu Maharaja Hari Singh,
 He decided to stay independent
In September 1947, the authorities in Pakistani Punjab
waged a 'private war’ on J&K
Later they organized a large-scale invasion of
Kashmir by Pathan tribesmen……

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 ORIGIN OF KASHMIR ISSUE…
They took control of most of western parts of State by 22
October
The Maharaja's troops could not withstand the tribal militia
attack
 They were heavily outnumbered and outgunned
The Maharaja made an urgent plea to Delhi for military
assistance
India required the Maharaja to accede before it could send
troops
Accordingly, the Maharaja signed an ‘ INSTRUMENT OF
ACCESSION’ on 26 October 1947
All this led to the first ever war between India and
Pakistan…
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INDO-PAKISTANI WAR OF 1947…
• Following the accession, Indian troops were airlifted to
Srinagar
• Pakistani army entered shortly afterwards to support
their militants
• A formal ceasefire was declared effective 1 January
1949
• A line was formed between the two nations controlled
territories
• This line was eventually named Line of Control
• It also led to the formation of PoK (Pakistan Occupied
Kashmir)

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 POLITICISATION OF THE
ISSUE…
India sought resolution of the issue at the UN Security
Council
Accordingly the United Nations Commission for India
and Pakistan (UNCIP) was formed
 The UN Security Council passed Resolution 47 on 21
April 1948
The measure called for an immediate cease-fire
 It called for withdrawal of Pakistani troops from J&K
 It also asked Government of India to reduce its forces
to minimum strength

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THE PLEBISCITE…

• In 1948, UNCIP established the framework for a plebiscite to decide the future status of
Kashmir
• The plebiscite would offer Kashmiris a choice between Indian and Pakistani rule 
• Both Indian and Pakistani governments initially agreed to the plebiscite
• Since 1948, the plebiscite has been repeatedly delayed
• The Indian government claims that a requirement of Pakistani militant withdrawal has
not been met
• The Pakistani government maintains its innocence putting the blame on India
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THE IMPORTANCE OF KASHMIR
TO INDIA AND PAKISTAN…

 The geography is mostly rural, with large mountains, deserts, and valleys
 The region could have undiscovered natural resources such as oil, gold, or silver
 Control of Indus river is important to both
 The Indus begins in Kashmir, flows through Pakistan, then flows into mainland India
 Since Kashmir is part of India, they could dam the Indus and change the flow of the river
 Without fertile land to grow crops, Pakistan would become a desert and its people would
starve

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1999 CONFLICT IN KARGIL…
In mid-1999, alleged Pakistani soldiers infiltrated
Jammu and Kashmir
During winter , Indian forces regularly move down to
lower altitudes
This practice is followed by both India and Pakistan
Army
The terrain makes it difficult for both sides to maintain
control over Line of Control
The insurgents took advantage of this and occupied
vacant mountain peaks in Kargil
 It was directly overlooking the highway in Kashmir that
connects Srinagar and Leh
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 1999 CONFLICT IN KARGIL…
This resulted in a large-scale conflict between the Indian
and Pakistani armies
The final stage involved major battles by Indian and
Pakistani forces
It ended with India recapturing most of the territories
Fears of the War turning into a nuclear war provoked the
US President Bill Clinton to pressure Pakistan to retreat
The Pakistan Army withdrew their remaining troops
from the area
India regained control of the Kargil peaks, which are
now actively monitored
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ORIGIN OF CHINA’S CLAIMS…
The Five Fingers of Tibet is a Chinese foreign policy
It considers Tibet to be China's right hand palm
Ladakh, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, Arunachal Pradesh are
said to be its five fingers
Chinese officers in Tibet claimed that they would
liberate Sikkim, Bhutan, Ladakh, and Arunachal Pradesh
They claimed these were wrongfully being held by the
Indian imperialists
This led to the Sino-Indian war of 1962

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 SINO-INDIAN WAR…

The primary cause of the war was the disputed border

between the two countries
It was located in the high mountains of Aksai Chin
India asserted that it belonged to the Indian Kashmir
while China opposed it
In 1962 troops from China and India clashed in the
territory claimed by both
China won a swift victory in the war
Aksai Chin remained under Chinese control since then

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 THANKYOU
SUBMITTED BY : VIDHI JALAN (ZETA)
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