DEPTH PERCEPTION

Sahlah Abdul Khaliq (1354)

Maryam Khalid (1362)
Amna Jabeen (1353)
Bushra Iqbal (1305)
Saba Hameed (1321)
Warda Abdul Ghaffar (1347)
Areeba Zulfiqar (1343)
Malaika Anjum (1341)
Shehr Bano (1340)
 DEPTH PERCEPTION
INTRODUCTION
• Depth perception is basically the ability to see things in three
dimensions and how far away the object is.
• For accurate depth perception binocular(two eyed vision) is necessary.
• People who rely on one eyed vision (one eyed vision)may struggle in
depth perception.
• Some people who have had good vision in one eye for a long period of
time may find they have acceptable depth perception. This is because
their brain has adjusted in various ways to make up for the limited visual
input from one eye.
• Depth perception is controlled in large part by the binocular area of the
primary visual cortex.
 DEPTH PERCEPTION (Cont..)
• Depth perception occurs when your brain combines pictures from both
eyes into one 3D image. Depth perception is impacted when one eye is
blurry or the eyes aren't aligned, which can also cause suppression or
double vision.
• We can judge depth with one eye or both eyes equally. Depth
perception means the ability to determine what is closer to us, but the
tools we use to do this vary. Binocular vision requires two well
aligned, well seeing eyes.
• Depth perception, which is the ability to judge if objects are nearer or
farther away than other objects, is not present at birth. It is not until
around the fifth month that the eyes are capable of working together to
form a three dimensional view of the world and begin to see in depth.
 EXAMPLE
• The perception of moving objects can also serve as a
monocular cue for depth. As you're moving, objects that are
closer seem to zoom by faster than do objects in the distance.
When you're riding in a car, for example, the nearby telephone
poles rush by much faster than the trees in the distance.

• As in this picture it is shown that the

finger is near to our eyes as compared
to the house .So the finger is more
clearer.
• Size and distance of objects are also determined in relation to
each other. Visual cues (for instance, far-away objects
appearing smaller and near objects appearing larger) develop
in the early years of life.
• Convergence upon a single point is another visual cue that
provides information about distance. As objects move farther
away into the distance, they converge into a single point. An
example of this can be seen in the image of train tracks
disappearing into the distance.
 MONOCULAR CUES
• Monocular cues are used to help perceive
depth by only using one eye.
• These cues are less powerful but still provide
us with solid depth-perception information.
• We have to do it using different tricks which
sometimes are not quite as reliable.
 MONOCULAR CUES (Cont..)
• Different monocular cues are as follows:
i. Linear perception
ii. Interposition
iii. Texture gradient
iv. Relative size
v. Light and shadow
vi. Aerial perspective
vii. Motion parallex
viii.Height in the visual field
ix. Natural effects
x. Familiar size
 MONOCULAR CUES (Cont..)
1. LINEAR PERSPECTIVE:
Parallel lines seem to converge in the distance. The farther
they are away from us the closer they seem to get.
 Such as rail road tracks.
 MONOCULAR CUES (Cont..)
2. INTERPOSITION:
When an object partially overlaps part of another object then
we know that it is closer to us.
 MONOCULAR CUES (Cont..)
3. TEXTURE GRADIENT:
It refers to the amount of detail we can see on an
object. More fine details of an objects means more
near it is.
 The coarser it looks, the closer it is.
 MONOCULAR CUES (Cont..)
4. RELATIVE SIZE:
We can perceive the distance via relative size. For example;
two objects on a piece of paper are at the same place yet the
size difference can make the larger object appear closer as
compare to the smaller one.
 MONOCULAR CUES (Cont..)
5. LIGHT AND SHADOW:
The way light falls on an object and the amount of shading
present can also be an important monocular cue. Objects that
are darkened and obscured may appear further off in the
distance than those that are brightly lit.
 MONOCULAR CUES (Cont..)
6. AERIAL PERSPECTIVE:
“The expression of space in painting by gradation of colour
and distinctness”
 This cue tells us that blurry objects tend to be further
away.
 The natural scattering of light by the atmosphere also
means that objects in the distance have less light contrast
and colour saturation.
 MONOCULAR CUES (Cont..)
7. MOTION PARALLEX:
“Motion parallax describes the way in which stationary
objects appear to move at different speeds against a
background when the observer is moving”
 Motion parallax is common in the animal-world with
animals that have poor binocular vision. Birds that move
their heads from side to side are creating the motion
needed to use the depth
perception cue.
 MONOCULAR CUES (Cont..)
8. HEIGHT IN THE VISUAL FIELD:
The relative height of an object relative to the rest of the visual
field, suggestive of distance because the horizon is generally
higher than the foreground, hence one of the monocular cues of
visual depth perception. Also called height in the visual field.
 MONOCULAR CUES (Cont..)
9. NATURAL EFFECTS:
Natural effects like heat haze, water vapor, fog, dust and sand can
all affect our clarity of vision. Usually these have more of a
negative affect from a long distance. Think of the haze when it’s
hot. This usually affects things towards the horizon. Objects that
are close to us certainly aren’t affected.
10. FAMILIAR SIZE:
When we know actual size of an object, it’s quite easy for use to
gauge our distance from it. Our familiarity with objects allows us
to determine how far away they are.
 BINOCULAR CUES
• Binocular cues are used to perceive depth by
using both eyes.
• It is much easier for our brain to accurately
calculate the depth and distance of objects
when we use both eyes.
 BINOCULAR CUES (Cont..)
• There are basically two types of binocular
cues:
Retinal Disparity
Binocular Convergence
 BINOCULAR CUES (Cont..)
1. Retinal Disparity:
Also known as binocular parallax.
It is the discrepancy in the images
that reach the right and
left eyes.
 BINOCULAR CUES (Cont..)
2. Binocular Convergence:
It is the degree to which our eyes must turn in to
allow us to focus on a very close object.
 .

PRACTICAL OF DEPTH PERCEPTION

Wooden Box Apparatus:

• It’s an elongated box which is illuminated inside,
containing three concealed vertical rods or pins.
• Pins can be seen through a small window.
• Two rods are fixed and the one in the middle is
moveable.
• The top of the box has a long groove-like opening
throughout the length of the box
 PRACTICAL OF DEPTH PERCEPTION
(Cont..)
• The movable rod projects above the box through the
groove-like opening and ends in a handle. 
• By moving the handle the movable vertical rod can
be shifted to any position along the length of the box. 
• A meter-scale is fixed to the groove-like opening on
the top so that the exact position of the movable rod
can be read.
WOODEN BOX APPARATUS
 PROCEDURE
INSTRUCTIONS:
1. Set subject in convenient position
2. Adjust the window

This experiment is done in two parts

• Monocular vision
• Binocular vision
 MONOCULAR VISION
Blindfolding the right eye:
• Three vertical rods seen through opening
• Two fixed and one moveable rod
• Moving the rod keeping at different points
• Observer will tell to stop the rod when moveable rod
is seen in exact alignment with other two rods
Descending series: Move the rod towards the subject
Ascending series: Move the rod away from subject
Same procedure is repeated blindfolding the left eye.
 BINOCULAR VISION
• Same procedure is repeated in this case with
both eyes open
• Procedure is repeated many times to take an
average reading
 RESULT
• Note different readings of ascending,
descending series and binocular and
monocular cues for left and right eye.
• Calculate the mean
• Compare the results
CAUSES OF DEPTH PERCEPTION ISSUES

• A number of factors can contribute to problems with

depth perception. Some of the most common factors
include:
Oscillopsia
Glaucoma
Strabismus
Ambylopia
 OSCILLOPSIA
• Oscillopsia is a vision problem in which objects appear to jump,
jiggle, or vibrate when they’re actually still.
• Oscillopsia is caused by nervous system disorders that damage
parts of the brain or inner ear that control eye movements and
balance.
• SYMPTOMS:
 jumping, jittery, wobbly, or shimmering vision
 blurred or fuzzy vision
 trouble focusing
 double vision
 nausea
 dizziness
 OSCILLOPSIA (Cont..)
TREATMENT:
• If nystagmus caused the condition, medicines like
these might help:
• 4-aminopyridine
• baclofen
• carbamazepine
• Clonazepam (anti-anxiety drug)
• memantine
 GLAUCOMA
• Glaucoma is an eye disease that can damage your
optic nerve. The optic nerve supplies visual
information to your brain from your eyes.
• Glaucoma is usually, but not always, the result of
abnormally high pressure inside your eye. Over time,
the increased pressure can erode your optic nerve
tissue, which may lead to vision loss or even
blindness.
 GLAUCOMA (Cont..)
TREATMENT:
• Glaucoma is treated by lowering your eye pressure with the
help of
• Eye drops
• oral medications
• laser treatment
• surgery
• combination of any of these.
 STRABISMUS
• Strabismus is a condition that occurs when
your eyes are not properly aligned.
• For example, one eye might turn inward or
outward. Sometimes, an eye can also look
upward or downward. Some people appear to
have crossed eyes, which is also a sign of
strabismus.
 STRABISMUS (Cont..)
TREATMENT:
• Strabismus is treated by following ways:
• Eye glasses
• Prisms
• Vision therapy
• It also need eye muscle surgery
 AMBYLOPIA
• If your brain favors one eye over the other, resulting in one
eye that doesn’t quite track properly, you have ambylopia.
• Also known colloquially as “lazy eye,” amblyopia can cause
vision loss in the weaker eye that can reduce your depth
perception and maybe even your vision. It’s also relatively
common in babies and young children, according to the AAO.
TREATMENT:
• It is treated by patching the eyes
• Atropine eye drops
• Optical penalization of the nonamblyopic eye
 CONCLUSION
• Depth perception is important to our everyday life.
• It makes it possible for our eyes to determine
distances between objects and to tell if something is
near to us or far away. 
• Not having accurate depth perception can have a
major impact on our life, from early childhood
learning to what jobs we're able to do.
 CONCLUSION (Cont..)
• It also let us determine how fast an object is coming
towards you.
• For example: This skill is important if someone is
crossing the street and there are cars coming or if he
or she want to pass a slow car and have to go into the
oncoming traffic lane to do so. Depth perception
keeps him or her safe in these types of situations.