WHAT I KNOW

Directions: Read and analyze each statement and choose the letter which corresponds to the
correct answer by writing it on your answer sheet/notebook.

1. Which of the following statements best describe metamorphosis?

a. change in the rock formation
b. process of rock formation
c. process which involves changes
d. change that takes place within body of rock once expose to different conditions
2. Which of the following metamorphism is affected by heat and reactive fluid?
a. contact only
b. regional only
c. both contact and regional
a. neither contact nor regional

3.Which of the following is an example of rock produced by a contact metamorphism

CHANGES IN MINERAL
COMPONENTS AND TEXTURE
OF ROCKS (METAMORPHISM)
 METAMORPHISM
Is the change that takes place within a body of
rock as a result being subjected too conditions that
are different from those in which it is formed. It is
from Greek word “ meta” means change and
“morphe” means form.
 METAMORPHIC ROCK
• Rocks that have been subjected to either enough heat
or pressure to cause the minerals in that rock to
undergo solid state chemical changes.
• Metamorphic rocks never melt- if they did they would
become igneous magma.This is why we say that the
changes are solid state.
 CHANGES OCCURS DURING
METAMORPHISM
As rocks are subjected to great heat and pressure they begin to
undergo several changes

• Changes in the minerals

• Folding and bending of rocks causing change in its shape
• Recrystallization causes changes in minerals size and shape.
• Chemical reactions occur between the minerals to form new sets of
minerals that are more stable at the pressure and temperature of the
environment, and new minerals form as a result of polymorphic
phase transformations.
AGENTS AND FACTORS THAT
CONTROL METAMORPHISM
• Heat
• Pressure
• Chemical activity
• Fluid phase
 HEAT
• Heat is the most important agent of metamorphism.
• Normally a geothermal gradient increases in temperature with depth at
about 30 degree Celsius per kilometer.
• The gradient is much higher in some areas, for example at the edges of
continents where one oceanic plate dives under another or where plutons
have become embedded in the crust.
• The first minerals that begin to change are clays , then others that are more
stable begin to change as the temperature increases.
• It usually takes burial to 20KM or more for feldspars to begin to
metamorphose.
 PRESSURE
• Pressure increases with depth so that there is
1,000kg/cm2 at 4 km depth.
• Increased pressure may cause minerals to melt
or may cause atoms to move into
configurations that represent tighter packing.
TYPES OF PRESSURE
• CONFINING PRESSURE ( lithostatic )
- Equal pressure in all directions tends to cause objects to uniformly become
smaller.
• DIFFERENTIAL STRESS
- If the stress is not equal from all directions,then the stress is called a differential
stress.
• SHEAR STRESS
– causes objects to be smeared out in the direction of applied stress.
 TIME
- Most metamorphic reactions occur very slowly.
Estimates of the growth rates of new minerals within a
rock during metamorphism suggest that new material is
added to the outside of mineral crystals at a rate of
approximately 1 mm per million years. Very slow
reaction rates make it difficult to study metamorphic
processes in a lab.
 FLUID PHASE
• Water is the main fluid present within rocks
of the crust, and the only one considered
here. The presence of water is important for
two main reasons. First, water facilitates
the transfer of ions between minerals and
within minerals, and therefore increases the
rates at which metamorphic reactions take
place. This speeds the process up so
metamorphism might occur more rapidly, or
metamorphic processes that might not
otherwise have had time to be completed.
TYPES OF
METAMORPHISM