PAD 102 INTRODUCTION TO

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

TOPIC 1
HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
 INTRODUCTION

The study on the history and

development of public administration is
actually focus on three major issues.
• The major scholarly movements that contribute
to the formation and establishment of public
administration.
• The institutional development of public
administration
• The factors that are shaping the discipline.
 THE MAJOR SCHOLARLY MOVEMENTS IN USA
1. Early 16 century -The classic scholars such as Plato,
Aristotle and Machiavelli. The birth of national state.
The governors principally emphasized on moral and
political human nature. The first Western expressions
on the methodology of government. Max Weber (1864
– 1920) Theory of Bureaucracy.
2. Mid – 1800s to 1930s - Lorenz von Stein (1815 – 1890)
the founder of the science of public administration.
Wodroow Wilson (1856 – 1924) the farther of public
administration. The congressional government and of
the major concept is Separation of politics and
administration (political and administrative
dichotomy).
• 1940s - Luther Halsey Gulick, III (1892 – 1993)
summarized the duties of administrators with an
acronym; POSDCORB, which stands for planning,
organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating,
reporting, and budgeting .
• Post- World War II - 1970s - The mid-1940s theorists
challenged Wilson and Gulick. The politics-
administration dichotomy remained the center of
criticism in the third generation. In addition to this
area of criticism, government itself came under fire
as ineffective, inefficient, and largely a wasted effort.
• 1980s - In the late 1980s, yet another generation of
public administration theorists began to displace the
last. What was called New Public Management was
proposed by David Osborne and Ted Gaebler . The
new model advocated the use of private sector
innovation, resources, and organizational ideas to
improve the public sector.
• 1990s - In the late 1990s, Janet and Robert Denhardt
proposed a new public service model. This model's
chief contribution is a focus on Americans as
"citizens" rather than "customers". Accordingly, the
citizen is expected to participate in government and
take an active role throughout the policy process.
• Year 2000 - New public management (NPM)
focusing on themes of reintegrating
government responsibilities, needs-based
holism (executing duties in cursive ways), and
digitalization (exploiting the transformational
capabilities of modern IT and digital storage).
Example NPM in Malaysia:-
1. e-government
2. Public service network (eg, post office as one stop bill payment.
3. E-perolehan
4. Multipurpose Identity Card
5. Urban Transformation Centre (UTC)
6. Rural Transformation Center (RTC)
 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REFORMS IN MALAYSIA
HISTORY BEFORE INDEPENDENCE
Pre-colonial period/ Malay Sultanate Rule (before 1500)
CHARACTERISTICS
•Practice of feudal system and structure used centered on
Malay ruler which is Sultan.
•Sultan will be assisted by Bendahara, Laksamana,
Temenggong to implement the Rulers’ Orders and
Instructions as well as maintaining law.
•Collecting taxes and revenues from the people to finance
the state.
•The style of administration is more towards upholding
the power of Sultan.
 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REFORMS IN MALAYSIA

HISTORY BEFORE INDEPENDENCE

British Colonial Period (1874 – 1957)
CHARACTERISTICS
•Arrival of British witnesses an important event
in the history of Malaya.
•The signing of Pangkor Treaty lead towards
British invasion for the first time in Malaya and
then to Selangor, Negeri Sembilan and Pahang
(Malay Federated States)
 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REFORMS IN MALAYSIA

• Introduction of British residential system. British

colonial introduced British administration by
following the Westminster (England) style of public
service. British Colonial appointed British Residents
to implement British Colonial Policy.
• British as resident and advisor to Sultan.
• Divide and rule concept
• Malayan Civil Service (MSC) was set up to administer
Federated States (1919).
• Introduce MAS (Malayan Administrative Service)
 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REFORMS IN MALAYSIA

HISTORY AFTER INDEPENDENCE/POST INDEPENDENCE

(1957 until now)
CHARACTERISTICS
•Transition from British to local people.
•Focus on development administration-socio economic
development.
•Correcting injustice done by the British
•Improvement in the areas of systems and procedures, rule and
regulations, structures and other aspects of public administration
•Modernization of PA. (more people oriented, budgeting)
•Administrative reforms (1966)- the Esman and Montgomery
Report
 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REFORMS IN MALAYSIA

HISTORY AFTER INDEPENDENCE/POST INDEPENDENCE

(1957 until now)
CHARACTERISTICS
•Focus on development of a state
•Increase public expenditure
•Development Plan (Malaysian Plan)
•Restructuring of government administrative machinery
and institution
•To induce social change of civil servants
•Emphasized technological inducement.
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REFORMS IN MALAYSIA IN
THE 1957 – late 60’S
• An effort towards a systematic programme of socio-economic
development by providing basic infrastructure both rural and
urban areas.
• The first Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman established
government of The Federation of Malaya and the formation
of Malaysian in 1963. Parliamentary Democracy and
Constitutional Monarchy by maintaining the British style of
administration.
• The Federal Constitution and till now is the supreme law.
• Two types of Malaysian Civil Service was established to
implement the government policy. The Diplomatic Service
(PTD) and General Service (PTA). The government was the
main provider of public services. (Sept 2011, Q 8b)
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REFORMS IN MALAYSIA IN THE 1957-
late 60’S
• Red Book system: To enable the administrative system to respond quickly
and effectively to the increasing demands of rural development. Example:
FELDA and FELCRA
• First Malaysia Plan (1966-1970): Emphasized the need to improve the
administrative machinery.
• Malaysian civil service officers are given education and training programmes
in university.
• The Suffian Report (1967): Salary revision through introduction of incentives
to government servant. housing loans to government servants at a low
interest rate. The response from government servants and from the many
sectors involved in housing construction was tremendous. This triggered the
housing revolution in the country which led to a number of reforms in areas
including land management and local authority administration.
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REFORMS IN MALAYSIA IN THE 60’S

• Montgomery-Esman Report : led to the establishment of the Development

Administration Unit (DAU) in the Prime Minister’s Department . The terms were to
bring about reforms through the introduction of modernization programmes in
four priority areas:
i. planning,
ii. budgeting and financial management system of the Federal Government
iii. personnel management and civil services at the federal level
iv. organisational structures and management methods pertaining to government
ministries and operating agencies
v. land and local government administration at the state level.
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REFORMS IN MALAYSIA IN THE 70’S
• The launching of new Economic Policy (NEP) (1971 – 1990).
i. Eradicating poverty regardless race
ii. Eliminating the identification of race with economic function
iii. A 20 years plan
iv. Public sector driven
v. UDA, SEDC, MARA, MIDA, ITM was established
• Expansion of the National Institute of Public Administration (INTAN)
as a training institution.
• Malaysian Administrative Modernization and Manpower Planning
Unit (MAMPU) was established.
• Introduced 7 Deadly Sins of Bureaucracy (Sept 2011, Q 8b)
• Pension Scheme was revised
• Public Bureau complaint (PCB) was established.
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REFORMS IN MALAYSIA IN THE 80’S

• Dynamic improvement in government

administrative system under premiership of Tun Dr
Mahathir Mohamad.
• Look East Policy(1982)
• Clean, Efficient and Trustworthiness, 1983
• Privatization Policy (1983) -Telekom and TNB.
• Industrial Master Plan
• Malaysian Incorporated Policy, 1983 (Sept 2011,
Q8)
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REFORMS IN MALAYSIA IN THE 90’S

• Public administration has become the major provider and

facilitator of private activities. 1996 the government
introduced MSC and e-government as the new initiative to
increase the application of ICT in the public sector.
• The major government activities were on development of
mega projects such as Putrajaya and Cyberjaya. (Sept2011,
Q8)
• Client charter (1993)
• Adoption ISO 9000 - objective of achieving an international
standard in government delivery services.
• Establishment of many government company (GLCs) to run
government business such (PROTON), Petronas, Axiata Group
Bhd, Malaysia Airline System
 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REFORMS IN MALAYSIA
2000-2010

• The enhancement of ICT applications in the public

sector and KPI. Government website as the online
media to disseminate information and deliver
services. Improving e-government system.
• Islam Hadhari (under former PM Tun Abdullah
Ahmad Badawi)
• Concept of good governance and integrity (NIP) in
the public sector was also introduced. (under former
PM Tun Abdullah Ahmad Badawi) (Sept 2011, Q8)
 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REFORMS IN MALAYSIA TODAY

• 2009 - Datuk Seri Mohd Najib Tun Razak became the sixth
Prime Minister. After the appointment, he Introduced
1Malaysia concept.
• The slogan “People First Performance Now”
• He introduce New Economic Model to replace National Vision
Policy.
• Introduce Government Transformation Program.
• He also introduce National Key Result Area (NKRA)
• National Key Economic Area (NKEA).
• Urban Transformation Centre
• Bantuan 1 Malaysia, Klinik 1 Malaysia, Kedai 1 Malaysia
 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
REFORMS IN MALAYSIA TODAY
2019
a)Bantuan Sara Hidup
b)Klinik Komuniti
* Rujuk program-program semasa yang dibawah kerajaan baharu
 CONCLUSION
• The development or evolution of public
administration in a particular country is significantly
related to the social and economic development of
the state. The government and public administration
is transforming themselves to maximize public value.
The existence of contemporary public administration
is significantly related to the past and present
scenario to ensure that citizens get the best
assistance from the government.
PREPARED BY:
IRWANA NOORIDAYU MUHAMAD HAKIMI
UITM CAWANGAN KEDAH