Launc

Human anatomy-I
Ambo University
By Gutu B(B.sc,M.sc)

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INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN
ANATOMY

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 What is Anatomy?
 Anatomy : is a science that studies structure of the body

Theword anatomy is derived from Greek word anatome = up (ana) + cutting (tome)
means
 “to cut up” or
 “to cut open.”

 The art of separating the parts of an organism in order to ascertain their position, relations &
structures.

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 SUBDIVISIONS OF ANATOMY

 Gross/ Cadaveric Anatomy

 Microscopic Anatomy (Histology)
 Developmental Anatomy (Embryology)
 Clinical Anatomy (Applied)
 Surface (Topographic) Anatomy
 Radiographic Anatomy
 Pathological Anatomy
 Sectional Anatomy
 Sectional anatomy
 Internal structure and relationships of the body through the use of sections
 Surface anatomy:
 Surface markings of the body to understand the relations of deep or internal anatomy
through visualization and palpation (gentle touch)
 Radiographic anatomy:
 Body structures that can be visualized with imaging like x-rays
 Pathological anatomy
 Structural changes associated with disease
 Levels of Structural Organization

 Chemical – atoms combined to form molecules

 Cellular – cells are made of molecules
 Tissue – consists of similar types of cells
 Organ – made up of different types of tissues
 Organ system – consists of different organs that
work closely together
 Organismal – made up of the organ systems

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Levels of Organization

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 Anatomical approach

 Anatomy can be studied following either

 regional approach
 systemic approach
 clinical approach

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 1. Body Regions(Regional anat.)
 Regional anatomy (topographical anatomy) considers the organization
of the human body as major parts or segments
 The human body is partitioned into two main regions, called the axial and
appendicular regions.
 The axial region includes the head, neck, and trunk which comprise
the main vertical axis of our body
 Our limbs, or appendages, attach to the body’s axis and make up the
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appendicular region
FIGURE 1. Major parts of the body and regions of the lower limb. Anatomy is described relative to the anatomical position illustrated
here.
2. Systemic Approach

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 Systemic Anatomy…

 Is the study of the body’s organ systems that work together to

carry out complex functions.
 The body is divided into 11 body systems.

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Integumentary

 Components
 Skin
 Hair, nails

 Function
 Provides protection
 Regulates body temperature
 Site of cutaneous receptors
 Synthesizes vitamin D
 Prevents water loss
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 Skeletal
 Components
 Bones
 Joints and adjacent cartilages

 Function
 Provides support and protection
 Site of hematopoeisis (blood cell
production)
 Stores calcium and phosphorus
 Allows for body movement
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 Muscular
 Components
 Skeletal Muscles
 Associated Connective Tissues
(tendons)
 Function
 Produces body movement
 Generates heat when muscles
contract

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 Nervous

 Components
 Brain, Spinal cord (CNS)
 Nerves (PNS), sense receptors

 A regulatory system that controls body

movement
 Responds to sensory stimuli
 Helps control all other systems of the body
 Also responsible for consciousness,
intelligence, memory

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 Endocrine
 Components
 Glands that secrete hormones
 E.g. :Pituitary, pancreas,
thyroid

 Consists of glands and cell

clusters that secrete hormones,
some of which regulate
 body and cellular growth
 chemical levels in the body
 reproductive functions
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 Cardiovascular

 Consists of a pump (the heart) that

moves blood through blood vessels
in order to distribute hormones,
nutrients, gases, and pick up waste
products

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 Lymphatic
 Components
 Lymphatic Organs (spleen,
lymph nodes, thymus, etc.)
 Lymphatic Vessels

 Transports and filters lymph

(interstitial fluid)
 Initiates an immune response when
necessary

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Immune System
 Components
 Immune Organs (red bone
marrow, thymus, etc.)
 White blood cells
(lymphocytes,
macrophages, etc.)
 Function
 Defense (Immune
response)
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 Respiratory
 Components
 Lungs
 Tubing ( trachea, bronchus, etc.)
 Larynx (vocal cords)

 Responsible for exchange of

gases (oxygen and carbon
dioxide) between blood and the
air in the lungs

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 Digestive
 Components
 Alimentary canal (mouth, pharynx,
esophagus, stomach, small intestine,
large intestine)
 Accessory structures(liver, salivary
glands, etc.)
 Function
 Mechanically and chemically
digests food materials
 Absorbs nutrients
 Expels waste products
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 Urinary
 Components
 Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary
bladder, Urethra

 Filters the blood and removes

waste products from the blood
 Concentrates waste products in the
form of urine, and expels urine from
the body

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 Male Reproductive
System

 Produces male
sex cells (sperm)
and male
hormones (e.g.,
testosterone)
 Transfers sperm
to the female

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 Female Reproductive
System

 Produces female sex cells (oocytes) and

female hormones (e.g., estrogen and
progesterone)
 Receives sperm from male
 Site of fertilization of oocyte
 Site of growth and development of
embryo and fetus

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 Approach ……

3. Clinical anatomy (applied anatomy)

 Emphasizes aspects of bodily structure and function important in the practice
of medicine, dentistry, and the allied health sciences.
 It incorporates the regional and systemic approaches to studying anatomy
and stresses clinical application.
 g y
i n olo
Te rm
i c al
at om
An

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 Cont.…

 Anatomical terminology introduces and makes up a large part of medical

terminology.
 Although you are familiar with common, colloquial
terms for parts and regions of the body, you must learn the
international anatomical terminology (e.g., axillary fossa instead of armpit and
clavicle instead of collarbone)
 That enables precise communication among healthcare professionals and
scientists worldwide.
 Without anatomic terms, one cannot accurately discuss or record the abnormal
functions of joints, the actions of muscles, the alteration of position of organs,
or the exact location of swellings or tumors. 29
 1. Anatomical position

 The standard position anatomists used to describe the

location of the body regions and parts.
 Is described as the body facing you ,stand erect feet
placed together and flat on the floor. arms straight by the
side with palms facing forward.
 All references to the body are made as if the body is in
this position.

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 Anatomical Position

 Body erect
 Feet slightly apart
 Palms facing forward
 Thumbs point away from
body

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Figure 1.7a
 2.Anatomical Planes

 A plane is an imaginary surface that slices the body into

specific sections.
 The three major anatomic planes of reference are the coronal,
transverse, and sagittal planes.

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 Sections
and Planes

A coronal plane, also

called a frontal plane, is
a vertical plane that
divides the body into
anterior (front) and
posterior (back) parts.

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 Sections
and Planes

 A transverse plane, also

called a cross-sectional
plane or horizontal plane,
cuts perpendicularly along
the long axis of the body or
organ separating it into
both superior (upper) and
inferior (lower) parts.

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 Sections
and Planes

 A sagittal plane or
median plane,
extends through the
body or organ
vertically and
divides the structure
into right and left
halves.

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 Sections and Planes

 A sagittal plane in the body midline is a midsagittal plane.

 A plane that is parallel to the midsagittal plane, but either to
the left or the right of it, is termed a parasagittal (or sagittal)
plane.
 A minor plane, called the oblique plane, passes through the
specimen at an angle.

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Body Planes Figure 1.8

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 ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS AND QUADRANTS
 To describe the location of the many abdominal and pelvic organs
more easily there two methods of dividing the abdominopelvic cavity
into smaller areas.
1. Two transverse and two vertical lines partition this cavity into nine
abdominopelvic regions
 top horizontal line:- the subcostal line
 is drawn just inferior to the right and left lateral margins of the rib cage;

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 the bottom horizontal line: trans tubercular line
 intersects the iliac tubercles, landmarks near the top of the right and left hip
bones.
 vertical lines:- the left and right midclavicular lines
 are drawn through the midpoints of the clavicles
 just medial to the nipples.
 quad-one-fourth method: is simpler and divides the abdominopelvic cavity into
quadrants
 In this method:-
 a transverse line, the trans umbilical line,
 a midsagittal line, the median line, are passed through the umbilicus

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 Abdominopelvic Regions

 The abdominopelvic
cavity is partitioned
into 9 smaller,
imaginary
compartments.

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 Descriptive anatomic terms

 Terms related to position

 Terms related to movement

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 Term Meaning Usage

 Superior (cranial) Nearer to head Heart is superior to stomach

 Inferior (caudal) Nearer to feet Stomach is inferior to heart

 Anterior (ventral) Nearer to front Sternum is anterior to heart

 Posterior (dorsal) Nearer to back Kidneys are posterior to

intestine
 Medial Nearer to Fifth digit (little finger) is on
median plane medial side of hand

 Lateral Farther from First digit (thumb) is on

median plane lateral side of hand
 Proximal Nearer to trunk or Elbow is proximal
point of origin to wrist; proximal part of
(e.g., of a limb) artery is its beginning

 Distal Farther from trunk Wrist is distal to elbow;

or point of origin distal part of lower limb is foot
(e.g., of a limb)

 Superficial Nearer to or Muscles of arm are superficial

on surface to its bone (humerus)

 Deep Farther from surface Humerus is deep to arm muscles

 Dorsum Dorsal surface of Veins are visible in dorsum of hand

hand or foot
 Palm Palmar surface Skin creases are visible on palm
of hand
 Sole Plantar surface Skin is thick on sole of foot
of foot
 Inferomedial :-
 means nearer to the feet and closer to the median plane.
 for example, the anterior parts of the ribs run inferomedially.
 Superolateral :-
 means nearer to the head and farther from the median plane.
 Dorsum :-
 refers to the superior or dorsal (back) surface of any part that protrudes anteriorly from the
body,
 such as the dorsum of the foot, hand, penis, or tongue.
The sole:-
 indicates the inferior aspect or bottom of the foot.
 much of which is in contact with the ground when standing barefoot.
The palm:-
 refers to the flat of the hand, excluding the five digits,
 is the opposite of the dorsum of the hand.
 Terms of Laterality:-
 Paired (bilateral) structures:-
 having right and left members
 e.g., the kidneys are bilateral,
 Unilateral :- structures occurring on one side only
 (e.g., the spleen)

 Ipsilateral :- occurring on the same side of the body;

 the right thumb and right great toe are ipsilateral.

 Contralateral :- occurring on the opposite side of the body;

 the right hand is contralateral to the left foot.
 Terms of Movement:-
 Movements taking place at joints are described relative to the axes around which the part of
the body moves and the plane in which the movement takes place.
 Abduction :- moving away from the median plane of the body in the frontal plane.
Adduction :- moving toward the median plane of the body in the frontal (coronal) plane.
 When referring to the digits (fingers and toes):
 abduction means spreading them,
 and adduction means drawing them together.
 Rotation :-
 moving a part of the body around its long axis.
 Medial rotation turns the anterior surface medially,
 and lateral rotation turns this surface laterally.
 Circumduction :-
 is the circular movement of the limbs, or parts of them, combining in sequence the
movements of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.
 Pronation :- is a medial rotation of the forearm and hand so that the palm faces posteriorly.
 Supination :- is a lateral rotation of the forearm and hand so that the palm faces anteriorly, as
in the anatomical position.
 Eversion :- turning the sole of foot outward.
 Inversion :- turning the sole of foot inward.
 Elevation :- raises or moves a part superiorly.
 Depression :- lowers or moves a part inferiorly.
 Cont.
 Protrusion is a movement anteriorly (forward) as in
protruding the mandible (chin), lips, or tongue.
 Retrusion is a movement posteriorly (backward).
 Opposition is the movement by which the pad of the
1st digit (thumb) is brought to another digit pad.
 Reposition describes the movement of the 1st digit
from the position of opposition back to its
anatomical position

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  Body cavities and membranes
 BODY CAVITIES
Spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal organs.
Bones, muscles, and ligaments separate the various body cavities from one another.
 Dorsal cavity divided into cranial and vertebral

cranial cavity :
hollow space of the head in the cranial bones which contains the brain.

Vertebral (spinal) canal

In bones of the vertebral column (backbone), which contains the spinal cord and
the beginnings of the spinal nerves.
cranial cavity and vertebral canal are continuous with one another.
the meninges and a shock absorbing fluid surround the brain and spinal cord.
  Ventral cavity

Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

 Are major body cavities of the trunk
 Thoracic cavity or chest cavity : is formed by the ribs, the muscles of the chest, the sternum
(breastbone), and the thoracic (chest) portion of the vertebral column.
 Contains: pleural cavities
 Each pleural cavity surrounds one lung and also contains a small amount of lubricating
fluid.
Mediastinum:
 central portion of the thoracic cavity
 is between the medial walls of the two pleural cavities
 Extends from the sternum to the vertebral column, and from the first rib to the diaphragm
 contains all thoracic organs except the lungs themselves.
 Structures in the mediastinum are the heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus, and several large
blood vessels that enter and leave the heart.
Pericardial cavity
 is a space that surrounds the heart and contains a small amount of lubricating fluid.

Diaphragm:
 is a dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity.
Abdominopelvic cavity
 extends from the diaphragm to the groin and is encircled by
 the abdominal muscle wall and the bones and muscles of the pelvis.
Thoracic and Abdominal Cavity
Membranes
• Membrane is a thin pliable tissue
that covers, lines, partitions, or
connects structures.
• Example: a slippery double-layered
membrane called a serous
membrane that covers the viscera
within the thoracic and abdominal
cavities and also lines the walls of
the thorax and abdomen.
The parts of a serous membrane are
1. parietal layer: a thin epithe-lium that lines the walls of the cavities

2. visceral layer: a thin epithelium that covers and adheres to the viscera
 Because the parietal and visceral membranes are continuous with one another, they form a
serous sac.
 small amount of lubricating fluid (serous fluid) within the serous
 reduces friction between the two layers,
 Peritoneum
 is the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity
Visceral peritoneum:
 covers the abdominal viscera,
Parietal peritoneum
 lines the abdominal wall and covers the inferior surface of the diaphragm.
 Between them is the peritoneal cavity, which contains a small amount of lubricating fluid.
 organs surrounded by the peritoneal cavity are referred to as intraperitoneal.
 Retroperitoneal organs:-
 are located between the parietal peritoneum and the posterior abdominal wall
Median plane section
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Serosa

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Naming of serous membranes (serosa) with 2 adjectives:

1.) parietal or
visceral
Parietal serosa forms the
outer wall of the cavity
Visceral serosa covers the
visceral organ

2.) pericardial,
pleural, or
peritoneal*
Pericardial: heart
Pleural: lungs
Peritoneal: abdominal

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*The 2nd adjective can become a noun: pericardium, pleura, peritoneum
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 Body Cavities and Membranes

 The median space

in the thoracic cavity
is called the
mediastinum.
 It contains the heart,
thymus, esophagus,
trachea, and major
blood vessels that
connect to the heart.

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 Body Cavities and Membranes

 Within the mediastinum, the heart is enclosed by a

two-layered serous membrane called the pericardium.
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 The Abdominopelvic Cavity

 The abdominopelvic cavity

consists of an abdominal cavity
and a pelvic cavity. .

 The peritoneum is a moist,

two-layered serous membrane
that lines the abdominopelvic
cavity.
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