What is the Internet of Things?

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of ‘smart’

devices that connect and communicate via the Internet.

IoT is the network of physical objects or "things" embedded

with electronics, software, sensors, and network connectivity,
which enables these objects to collect and exchange data.
 History of IoT

 The concept of the Internet of Things first became popular in 1999,

through the Auto-ID Centre at MIT.

 Besides using RFID, the tagging of things may be achieved through

technologies such as near field communication, barcodes, QR
codes, Bluetooth, and digital watermarking.
“Thing” connected to the
Internet

2008
 The Internet of Things
Next Evolution of Internet

Kevin Ashton in 1999

Image courtesy: Wilgengebroed
Unlock the Massive potential of IoT
IoT Application
These networks connected with added security, analytics, and management
capabilities. This will allow IoT to become even more powerful in what it can help
people achieve.
 Generate, collect, process and use acquired
information to make decisions
• DIKW model
•Information is inferred from
data, in the process of
answering interrogative
questions (e.g., "who",
"what", "where", "how many",
"when"), thereby making the
data useful for "decisions
and/or action".
•Knowledge as "synthesis of
multiple sources of
information over time"
The Promise of Industry 4.0

1800 1900 2000 Today

9 Technology Pillars – Industry 4.0
 The Potential of IoT

GE’s estimates on potential of just ONE percent savings applied using IoT across global
industry sectors.
What sectors use the IoT?

1. Manufacturing
2. Transportation
3. Retail
4. Science and Technology
5. IT and Communications
6. Education
7. Healthcare
8. Energy
9. Construction
10.Agriculture
Retail Offices and Government
• Automated checkout • Productivity and energy saving
• Inventory and warehouse • Security and surveillance
management
Manufacturing Transportation

• Operations efficiencies • Automation and traffic control

• Asset management and • Fleet management
maintenance
Healthcare
Consumers
• Monitoring
• Entertainment
• Automated administration of
• Health and fitness treatment
 Tesla’s “self fix” play :
purest example of Internet of Things

• Product recalls – Costly for both Manufacturer &

Customers
• Tesla using IoT as a long-term game changer
• Tesla fixed its cars “over the air”
• Same manner as Smartphones receive software upgrades.
• Immediate monetary value
• Technology expands brand differentiation
• Even a “recall” can be done virtually,

• Over-The-Air Upgrades Remain Core Tesla Strength

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 People Connecting to Things

ECG sensor

Internet
Motion sensor

Motion sensor
Motion sensor
Things Connecting to Things

- Complex and heterogeneous

resources and networks
 Wireless Sensor Networks
(WSN)
End-user

Core network
Gateway e.g. Internet

Sink
Gateway Computer services
node

- The networks typically run Low Power Devices

- Consist of one or more sensors, could be different type of sensors (or actuators)

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Cyber-Physical-Social Data
 Future Networks
From any time, any place connectivity for anyone,
we will now have connectivity for anything!
Technology trend
 Enabling Technology
State of the Art of IoT

RFID Sensor Smart Tech Nano Tech

To identify To collect To enhance To make the

and track and process the power of smaller and
the data of the data to the network by smaller
things detect the devolving things have
changes in processing the ability to
the physical capabilities to connect and
status of different part interact.
things of the
network.
Streamlined Factories

Sensors are
attached to
components,
forklifts,
employees and
other assets

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 Streamlined Factories

• By geolocating the
sensors, one can
see how people and
products are moving

Processes can be streamlined and production time reduced.

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 SMART Inventory management
• Sensors on containers can
determine when a product is
running low

• Re-order the parts when a certain

level is reached, or orders can be
automatically placed with suppliers

Components will not run out or run low

Reduced costs of production
More uptime for factories which leads to higher productive levels
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 Opportunities

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Source: http://blog.trentonsystems.com/internet-of-things-crosses-business-personal-boundaries/
Challenge: Standardization

Standardization for
– Interoperability

– Heterogeneity of Sensors

– Interfaces to Cloud Servers

 Challenges
•Global cooperation
• Proprietary and incompatible protocols
• Lack of APIs
• Common external power supply

•Technological challenges
• Power usage
• Scalability
• Security
• Communication mechanisms

•Ethics, control society, surveillance, consent and data driven life

 Sensors & Actuators
− Sensors:
− They are mainly input components
− They sense and collect surrounding information
− Basically three types:
−Passive, omnidirectional (e.g. mic)
−Passive, narrow-beam sensor (e.g. PIR)
−Active sensors (e.g. sonar, radar, etc.)

− Actuators:
− They are mainly output components
− They alter the surrounding. Some examples:
−Adding lighting, heat, sound, etc.
−Controlling motors to move objects
−Displaying messages
−and others…
 Things
− We can turn almost every object into a “thing”.
− A “thing” generally consists of four main parts:
− Sensors & actuators
− Microcontroller
− Communication unit
− Power supply
− A “thing” has the following properties:
− It’s usually powered by battery. This implies limited
source of energy.
− It’s generally small in size and low in cost. This limits
their computing capability.
− It doesn’t usually perform complicated tasks.
− Power consumption is the main design issue.
 Communications
− The Role of Communications
− Providing a data link between two nodes

− Communication type:
− Wireline (e.g. copper wires, optical fibers)
− Wireless (e.g. RF, IR). RF-based communication is the most popular
choice (and also our focus)

− Popular RF-based communication solutions:

− IEEE 802.15.4  used in XM1000
− IEEE 802.11 (or Wifi)
− Bluetooth
− Near Field Communication (NFC), e.g. RFID
Protocol Stack
Thing Thing

Application Application

TCP/UDP TCP/UDP

Network (IP) Network (IP)

IEEE 802.15.4 IEEE 802.15.4 Wireless
PHY/MAC PHY/MAC Medium
Server

Application Gateway
TCP/UDP

Network (IP) Network (IP)

IEEE 802.3 IEEE 802.3 IEEE 802.15.4

(Ethernet) The (Ethernet) PHY/MAC
Internet
Security & Privacy

− Are they important?

− What is the risk?

− What are the challenges?

− Device level
− Network level
− System level
− User level

− Solutions?
 IoT security is an area of growing importance
for Research & Education
• IoT is everywhere..............and growing
• The devices in the buildings of the e-infrastructures are hackable
– cameras, BMS, etc.

• Are we using networking segmentation for the Things ?

• Students are use 7-10 devices to campus, connecting to the

network

• Risks include scientific data integrity / availability, reputation,

financial, physical, operational, confidentiality
 Addressing TIPPSS is essential to achieving safe, secure, scalable future
smart campus architectures, plus keep organization safe and secure.

• Trust: Allow only designated people/services

device or data access
• Identity: Validate the identity of people,
services, and “things”
• Privacy: Ensure device, personal & sensitive
data is kept private
• Protection: Protect devices and users from
harm
• Safety: Provide safety for devices, infrastructure
and people
• Security: Maintain security of data, devices,
people, etc.
 IoT Application Domains

Healthcare

Media
Home &
Building

IoT
Logistics architecture Retail
frame work

Mobility/
Transpor- Energy
tation

Manufactu
ring

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OfGxbxUCa2k