MODULE 4:

Learning from Others

and Reviewing the
Literature
CHAPTER I CHAPTER II CHAPTER III CHAPTER IV
 CHAPTER II

CHAPTER I CHAPTER III CHAPTER IV

Literature Review
 LITERATURE REVIEW

…is the process of collecting,

selecting , and reading books,
journals, reports, abstracts,
and other reference materials.

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 LITERATURE REVIEW

…provides an overview of
what has been written about
a specific topic.

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The following information may be collected:

1.Background knowledge about the problem and associated

ideas.
2.Theories that gives details of the presence of the problem
and certain variables that is connected to the problem.
3.Data that prove the occurrence and gravity of the problem.
4.Detailed and broad results of related studies.
5.Gaps and recommendations for additional study specified
in related studies.
Significance and rationale of Related Lit. and Studies:

1. To find out similarities and differences between the

past and present studies
2. To help recognize and define a research problem
3. To give the researcher a background analysis
aspect
4. To guide the researcher on what to do on the
mechanism of research methods
5. To avoid redundant duplication of a study
 How to choose what to include in your RRL?

1. Have you clearly indicated the scope and purpose of the review?
2. Have you included a balanced coverage of what is available?
3. Have you included enough materials to show the development
and limitations in this area?
4. Have you included the most recent and relevant studies?
5. Have you indicated the source of the literature by referencing
accurately?
6. Have you used mostly primary sources or appropriate secondary
sources?
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 KINDS OF LITERATURE REVIEW

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 TRADITIONAL

…also referred to as narrative literature

…provides a quick overview of current studies

…helps explains why your study is important and

identifies areas for further research

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 INTEGRATIVE

-This review -This allows for

synthesizes the integration of
findings from qualitative with
different quantitative
approaches. studies.

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 SYSTEMATIC
This requires more
rigorous and well-defined
approach compared to
most other types. It is a
comprehensive and
details the timeframe
within which the
literature was selected.

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 SCOPING

This involves a broad research

question that explores the current
evidence base.
It can help inform areas that are
appropriate for a systematic review.

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CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD LITERATURE REVIEW

OBJECTIVE
RECENT AND
UNBIASED

RELEVANT NOT TOO

TO THE FEW NOR
STUDY TOO MANY
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 TYPES OF SOURCES

SECONDARY
PRIMARY
-authors describe the work of
-findings are communicated by others
the authors directly to the authors
-ex. Textbooks, encyclopedia,
-ex. Journals, diaries, biography
autobiography, letters

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 USING COMPUTER FOR LITERATURE

With the easy accessibility to the use of computers, they have

become one of the rich sources for writing a review of literature.
They are available in school libraries and most public libraries.
Various online computer terminals are linked to one or more
retrieval systems that draw from a number of databases. A most
commonly used database is Education Resources Information
Center (ERIC). A vast reservoir of information on all sorts of
topics is the World Wide Web (WWW) which is part of the
internet.

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PREPARING A LITERATURE REVIEW THUS INVOLVES:
• Searching for reliable, accurate and up-to date material on the
topic or subject
• Reading and summarizing the key points from this literature.
• Synthesizing these key ideas, theories and concepts into a
summary of what is known
• Discussing and evaluating these ideas, theories and concepts
• Identifying particular areas of debate or controversy
• Preparing the ground for the application of these ideas to new
research

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STEPS IN AN EFFECTIVE LITERATURE REVIEW:

Step 2: Read
and Cite
Source of Step 3:
Step 1: material
Create or
Search -
Acknowledgme synthesiz
for the nt e your
literature -References or
bibliography RRL
-Citation
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 CITING RELATED LITERATURE USING STANDARD STYLE

1. AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APA)

• This citation is commonly used when a researcher
works in social science-related researches. APA
follows an author-date format, wherein, the needed
information for its in-text citation is the author’s
surname and the year of publishing. APA follows
different formats for varying authors and their number.

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 CITING RELATED LITERATURE USING STANDARD STYLE

2. MODERN LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION

(MLA)
• MLA is one commonly used citation style in
research papers usually used in liberal arts and
humanities. Unlike APA, MLA follows an author-
page format, wherein authors’ surname and the
page number where it could be found is needed

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 CITING RELATED LITERATURE USING STANDARD STYLE

2. MODERN LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION

(MLA)
• MLA is one commonly used citation style in
research papers usually used in liberal arts and
humanities. Unlike APA, MLA follows an author-
page format, wherein authors’ surname and the
page number where it could be found is needed

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 CITING RELATED LITERATURE USING STANDARD STYLE

3. CHICAGO MANUAL OF STYLE (CMS)

• CMA is a citation style that presents two basic documentation

systems:
• A. notes and bibliography and
• B. author-date. The use of the two documentation systems
differs from the subject matter and the sources cited
• Widely used for economics and history

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 CITING RELATED LITERATURE USING STANDARD STYLE

3. CHICAGO MANUAL OF STYLE (CMS)

• CMA is a citation style that presents two basic

documentation systems:
• A. notes and bibliography and
• B. author-date. The use of the two documentation systems
differs from the subject matter and the sources cited

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 CITING RELATED LITERATURE USING STANDARD STYLE

Though there are choices from

different referencing styles, you
should use the particular style your
school recommends. Avoid mixing or
combining referencing styles.

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 In our research,
we are going to use
APA referencing
and citation style.
THREE TYPES OF TEXT
CITATIONS:

1. Paraphrase (summary)

2. Short Quote = less than 40 words

3. Long Quote= more than 40 words

 areas of focus
B2B MARKET SCENARIOS
o Develop winning strategies to keep ahead of the competition
o Capitalize on low-hanging fruit to identify a ballpark value
o Visualize customer directed convergence​

CLOUD-BASED OPPORTUNITIES
o Iterative approaches to corporate strategy
o Establish a management framework from the inside

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 areas of focus
B2B MARKET SCENARIOS
o Develop winning strategies to keep ahead of the competition
o Capitalize on low-hanging fruit to identify a ballpark value
o Visualize customer directed convergence​

CLOUD-BASED OPPORTUNITIES
o Iterative approaches to corporate strategy
o Establish a management framework from the inside

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 areas of focus
B2B MARKET SCENARIOS
o Develop winning strategies to keep ahead of the competition
o Capitalize on low-hanging fruit to identify a ballpark value
o Visualize customer directed convergence​

CLOUD-BASED OPPORTUNITIES
o Iterative approaches to corporate strategy
o Establish a management framework from the inside

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 areas of focus
B2B MARKET SCENARIOS
o Develop winning strategies to keep ahead of the competition
o Capitalize on low-hanging fruit to identify a ballpark value
o Visualize customer directed convergence​

CLOUD-BASED OPPORTUNITIES
o Iterative approaches to corporate strategy
o Establish a management framework from the inside

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 areas of focus
B2B MARKET SCENARIOS
o Develop winning strategies to keep ahead of the competition
o Capitalize on low-hanging fruit to identify a ballpark value
o Visualize customer directed convergence​

CLOUD-BASED OPPORTUNITIES
o Iterative approaches to corporate strategy
o Establish a management framework from the inside

20XX presentation title 33

 areas of focus
B2B MARKET SCENARIOS
o Develop winning strategies to keep ahead of the competition
o Capitalize on low-hanging fruit to identify a ballpark value
o Visualize customer directed convergence​

CLOUD-BASED OPPORTUNITIES
o Iterative approaches to corporate strategy
o Establish a management framework from the inside

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 areas of focus
B2B MARKET SCENARIOS
o Develop winning strategies to keep ahead of the competition
o Capitalize on low-hanging fruit to identify a ballpark value
o Visualize customer directed convergence​

CLOUD-BASED OPPORTUNITIES
o Iterative approaches to corporate strategy
o Establish a management framework from the inside

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 areas of focus
B2B MARKET SCENARIOS
o Develop winning strategies to keep ahead of the competition
o Capitalize on low-hanging fruit to identify a ballpark value
o Visualize customer directed convergence​

CLOUD-BASED OPPORTUNITIES
o Iterative approaches to corporate strategy
o Establish a management framework from the inside

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 areas of focus
B2B MARKET SCENARIOS
o Develop winning strategies to keep ahead of the competition
o Capitalize on low-hanging fruit to identify a ballpark value
o Visualize customer directed convergence​

CLOUD-BASED OPPORTUNITIES
o Iterative approaches to corporate strategy
o Establish a management framework from the inside

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 areas of focus
B2B MARKET SCENARIOS
o Develop winning strategies to keep ahead of the competition
o Capitalize on low-hanging fruit to identify a ballpark value
o Visualize customer directed convergence​

CLOUD-BASED OPPORTUNITIES
o Iterative approaches to corporate strategy
o Establish a management framework from the inside

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 areas of focus
B2B MARKET SCENARIOS
o Develop winning strategies to keep ahead of the competition
o Capitalize on low-hanging fruit to identify a ballpark value
o Visualize customer directed convergence​

CLOUD-BASED OPPORTUNITIES
o Iterative approaches to corporate strategy
o Establish a management framework from the inside (PGH, 2018)

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 areas of focus
B2B MARKET SCENARIOS
o Develop winning strategies to keep ahead of the competition
o Capitalize on low-hanging fruit to identify a ballpark value
o Visualize customer directed convergence​

CLOUD-BASED OPPORTUNITIES
o Iterative approaches to corporate strategy
o Establish a management framework from the inside

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BOOKS
Format:
Author’s last name, given name, and middle name initials. (Year
of publication). Title of the book: Subtitle if there’s any
(edition or volume). Location: Publisher.
One author:
James, B.N. (2009). Practical research (3rd ed.).Los Angeles,

California: LMS Publishing.

2 or more authors:
James, B.N., Cruz, N.K., & Smith, J.Q. (2009). Practical
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research (3rd ed.). Los Angeles, California: LMS
presentation title 42
 TRY THIS!

Author: Katriel C. Abaca

Year: 2022
Title of The Book: Orange Hearts
Subtitle: Happiness and Blessedness
Edition: 2nd
Location: New York
Publisher: Nyx Publishing House
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Abaca, K.C. (2022). Orange hearts:
Happiness and blessedness (2 ed.).
nd

New York:
Nyx Publishing House.

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Journal/ Periodical Article 
1. Author(s). Note: List each author's last name and initial as Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. Use an
ampersand (&) before the final author's name. 
2. (Year).
3. Title of the article. Note: For works that are part of a greater whole (e.g. articles, chapter), use sentence
case. Only the first word of the title and subtitle and proper nouns are capitalized.
4. Title of the Journal, Note: Italicize and capitalize each word in the journal.
5. Volume Note: Italicize the journal volume. If there is no issue, include a comma before the page range.
6. (Issue), Note: If there is an issue number in addition to a volume number, include it in parentheses.
7. Page range. Note: If there is no page range within the journal volume/issue, this can be excluded.
8. DOI (Digital Object Identifier) (if available only) 

Ashing‐Giwa, K. T., Padilla, G.L., Tejero, J.K. ,Wliams, I.Z., & Hills, D.C. (2004). Understanding the breast cancer
experience of women: A qualitative study of African American, Asian American, Latina and
Caucasian cancer survivors. Psycho‐Oncology, 13(6), 408-428. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.750.

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 TRY THIS!

Author: Katriel C. Abaca

Year: 2022
Title of The Article: Happiness and Blessedness
Title of the Journal: Orange Hearts
Volume: 1
Issue No.: 28
Page range: 22-27
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Abaca, K.C. (2022). Happiness and
blessedness. Orange Hearts,1(28),

22-27.

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Online News/Magazine Article 
1. Author(s). Note: List each author's last name and initials as Author, A. A., Author,
B. B., & Author, C. C. Use an ampersand (&) before the final author's name.
2. (Year, Month Date). Note: You do not need to abbreviate the month.
3. Title of the article. Note: For works that are part of a greater whole (e.g. articles,
chapter), use sentence case. Only the first word of the title and subtitle and
proper nouns are capitalized.
4. Title of the online newspaper or publication. Note: Capitalize each word in the
publication and italicize.
5. URL

Rogers, O.P. (2021, July 9). Why naming race is necessary to undo racism. Psychology
Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/who-am-i-who-are- we/
202107/why-naming-race-is-necessary-undo-racism
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 ETHICAL
STANDARDS
IN WRITING
1. Ensure available funds and budget for study to
be conducted.
2. Team members should know their assigned
tasks well.
3. Identify respondents ahead of time and maintain

a list of contact lines and addresses to easily

follow them up.
4. Draft a clear and reliable timeline of activities
5. Reproduce copies of essential documents
6. Ask for permits always before conducting any
activity.
7. Conduct ocular inspection of research or
sampling site ahead of time.
8. Always send emails, communications and
appointments beforehand.
9. Have a clear written agreement with all
participating persons, agencies, and areas.
10. Bear in mind the objectives of the study and
be flexible in adjusting to present conditions
when necessary.
Scientific misconduct might arise when ethical
standards are not followed such as the following:
1. Plagiarism. This refers to fraudulent acts that entail claiming
another person’s ideas, work or publication violating intellectual
property rights by stealing and dishonesty. This usually happens
in scientific publications.
Types of Plagiarism
A. Blatant plagiarism is an act in which the writer tries to
deceive the teacher or readers – either for grade or acclaim – into
believing he or she is totally responsible for or originator the
content.
B. Technical plagiarism occurs when the writer is not trying to
cheat or deceive but fails to follow accepted methods of using and
revealing sources.
2. Fabrication of data.

It involves producing data without

an actual experimentation or
altering data in recording with the
intent to fit them to desired results.
3. Falsification of data.

Entails faulty gathering of data due to

negligence and carelessness which lead to
errors in measurement or instrument use.
Error may also be caused by inappropriate
application of treatment to the subjects and
poor data recording.
4. Non-publication of data.

In contrast with fabrication and falsification, this

involves choosing not to include data because
they do not conform to the well-established body
of knowledge or are unsupportive of the
research hypothesis. Only the results that do not
reject the hypothesis are reported and
published.
Assignment:

Get ready for a quiz and set

of activities next meeting.