MAJOR SEMINAR

ON
FROM GREEN TO GENE REVOLUTION

Presented By
CHIRAG R PATEL
Ph.D (3rd sem.)
Reg. No. 04-AGRPH-02327-2020

Major Guide Minor Guide

Dr. L. D. PARMAR Dr. H. N. ZALA
ASSISTANT RESEARCH SCIENTIST
RESEARCH SCIENTIST (C &M)
DEPTT. OF GENETICS & PLANT
CASTOR & MUSTARD RESEARCH
BREEDING
STATION
C.P.COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
SDAU, SKNAGAR
SDAU, SKNAGAR
CONTENTS

 Introduction

 Need

 Approaches

 Case studies

 Challenges

 Conclusion
 History of Agricultural Revolution
“Ancient 1st Revolution - 12,000 years ago,
Chinese hunter-gatherer to farming,
motto domestication of plants and animals
"Food is the
haven for the
people”
Agriculture 2nd Revolution - 19th century-
is the Mechanical era
foundation
of the
country
And 3rd Revolution - 1930-1980- Green
“Plant revolution
breeding is
the
foundation
of 4th Revolution -1990- Gene
agriculture“
Revolution
 Green Revolution

Norman E Borlaug M. S. Swaminathan

 What is Green Revolution
• Green Revolution was termed by Prof. William Gadd in 1968 in a
seminar titled “The food crisis in 3rd World Countries” in Washington
D C. It reflected the agro-economical situation of developing
countries aiming at self-sufficiency in agriculture and mitigation of
food crisis, hunger, famine, and related social evils.

• The Green Revolution refers to a series of research and

development and technology transfer initiatives, occurring
between the 1940s and the late 1960s that increased agricultural
production worldwide, particularly in the developing world,
beginning most markedly in the late 1960s.
• The Green Revolution was based on the spread of new
wheat High Yielding Varieties (H.Y.V.s) from Mexico and rice
from the Philippines.

• The story began in 1943 when the Rockefeller Foundation in

collaboration with the Mexican government, set up a research
project in northern Mexico to improve the local variety of wheat.
The research station came to be known by its Spanish acronym,
C.I.M.M.Y.T., and its director was Norman Borlaug, who was
later (1970) awarded a Nobel Peace Prize for his work.
C.I.M.M.Y.T. began releasing seeds to the rest of the world in
the early 1960s, to much acclaim and a fanfare of publicity.
• Semi-dwarf wheat originated :
• Daruma variety of wheat with several American varieties ultimately giving rise
to an extremely productive variety of wheat they named Norin 10. Norin 10
cross with a native variety Brevor and took the product of this cross to Mexico
in 1954 where Dr. Norman Borlaug and his colleagues developed several
HYVs of wheat.
• In 1966 their 'miracle rice', IR8, was released. It had been a lucky cross
between two strains of rice (Petan a tall, vigorous Indonesian variety, and
Dee-geo-woo-gen, a short, stiff-strawed Chinese rice) and the resulting plants
displayed several desirable characteristics.
Characteristics :
• A shorter stem and a narrower leaf
• Standard heights
• Insensitive to `photoperiod
• Rapidly maturing
• Higher yields, showing hybrid vigour
 Phases of Green Revolution
Phase I
• It was a period of early euphoria, during the 1960s. The
'miracle rice' varieties spread quickly in areas of suitable
climate and the benefits for the poor seemed clear. Output
was increasing at double the rate of population growth.

Phase II
By the early 1970s the evidence was less positive
Small and marginal farmers
Diseases and pests out break
High yielding varieties were inappropriate
Modernization that have an in-built threat for the poor.
Modern varieties have become geographically concentrated
 Phase III
• In the later 1970s and 1980s, evidence emerged that smaller farmers
were adopting high yielding varieties
• The Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (C.G.I.A.R.)
was created in 1971 by a consortium of the World Bank, various regional
banks, several U.N. agencies, charitable foundations and some national
governments. It has gradually built a network of centres,which together
have provided a wealth of knowledge about farming systems and their
improvement.
The International Research Centres funded by the CGIAR
C.I.F.O.R. Philippines (1992) I.R.R.I. Philippines (1960)
C.I.M.M.Y.T Mexico (1996) I.S.N.A.R. Netherlands
(1979)
I.C.A.R.D.A. Syria (1975) I.W.M.I. Sri Lanka (1984)
I.C.L.A.R.M Philippines (1995) C.I.P. Peru (1972)
I.C.R.A.F Kenya (1977) C.I.A.T. Colombia (1967)
I.C.R.I.S.A.T India (1972) I.L.R.I Kenya (1995)
I.F.P.R.I U.S.A (1975) I.P.G.R.I. Italy (1974)
I.I.T.A Nigeria (1967) Source: http://www.iclarm.org/
 Phase IV
• In the 1980s and 1990s there was a realization that the
traditional breeding methods, which had been the basic
underpinning of the Green Revolution, were nearing their
ceiling for increasing production.

FOCUS OF GREEN REVOLUTION

MIRACLE RICE
DWARF VARIETIESYIELD
HIGH YIELDING VARIETIES
INTRODUCTION SELECTION
IRRIGATION CONVENTIONAL BREEDING
 PESTICIDES
Dee-geo-woo-gen FERTILIZER HERBICIDES
 NORIN 10  MECHANIZATION
Figure: 1 World Cereal Production- 1950-2000
Source: FAO Production Yearbooks and AGROSTAT
 Green Revolution In India
• In 1943, India suffered from the world’s worst recorded food crisis; the
Bengal Famine, which led to the death of approximately 4 million
people in eastern India due to hunger.
• Even after independence in 1947, until 1967 the government largely
concentrated on expanding the farming areas. But the population was
growing at a much faster rate than food production.
• This called for an immediate and drastic action to increase yield. The
action came in the form of the Green Revolution.
• The green revolution in India refers to a period when Indian Agriculture
was converted into an industrial system due to the adoption of modern
methods and technology such as the use of HYV seeds, tractors,
irrigation facilities, pesticides and fertilizers.
• It was funded by the US and the Indian Government and the Ford and
Rockefeller Foundation.
• The Green Revolution in India is largely the Wheat Revolution as the
wheat production increased by more than three times between 1967-68
and 2003-04, while the overall increase in the production of cereals
was only two times.
 Success of Green Revolution In India
• The introduction of HYVs developed in Mexico, into India increased the
yields of cereal crops two- to three-fold in the Punjab region alone.
• The higher yield and greater profits achieved due to the use of HYVs of
wheat led to greater adoption of these varieties by farmers.

Figure: 2 Impact of Green Revolution in India

Fig:3 Changes in area harvested of the crops from the years 1961 to 2018

Source: FAOSTAT; FAO, 2020

 Impacts of Green Revolution
Positive Impacts Negative Impacts

• Non-Food Grains Left Out

• Tremendous Increase in Crop
• Limited Coverage of HYVP 
Produce • Regional Disparities
• Excessive Usage of
• Reduced Import of Food- Chemicals 
Grains • Water Consumption
• Soil and Crop Production
• Benefits to the Farmers
• Unemployment
• Industrial Growth • Health Hazards 

• Rural Employment
 Why Need of Gene Revolution ?

 Exchange of genes within a species

 Loss of genetic diversity of wild crop strains replaced by

monoculture strains

 Loss of soil fertility

 Over fertilization of lakes and rivers from runoff of fertilizers

 Pesticide residues

 Yield platue
 Gene Revolution
• Gene revolution is the upcoming technological development in
the agricultural field. It is based on biotechnology where
microbiological methods can be applied. It began in the 1990s
with the failure of the green revolution to improve the agricultural
yield.
• The first transgenic plant, a herbicide-resistant tobacco, was
created in 1983 and licensed in the U.S.A. in 1986.
• From 1986 to 1997 approximately 25,000 transgenic field trials
were conducted on more than 60 crops with 10 different traits in
45 countries.
• In 1996 Sainsbury's and Safeway began selling purée produced
from G.M. tomatoes created by a team at Nottingham University
for the biotech firm Zeneca.

• By the end of 1997, 48 transgenic crop products had been

approved in various countries. Calgene’s Flavr Savr tomato, with
its delayed ripening, was ready in 1994 and in the same year the
British government allowed Monsanto to import G.M. soya.
 History
Marc Van Discovery of the Ti
Montagu plasmid.

Harnessed the gene-

Mary-Dell transfer mechanism
Chilton of Agrobacterium to
produce the first
transgenic tobacco plant  

Robert T Roundup Ready soya

Fraley
 GMOs (Genetically Modified Organisms)
What is genetic modification (GM) of crops ?

How it is done ?

How does GM differ from conventional breeding ?

Which genes have been introduced into GM crops so far and why ?

What traits have been modified in GM crops ?

How are transgenes inserted ?

Why grow GM crops ?

What are GMO crops ?

Figure: 4 Global status of commercialized Biotech/GM crops in 2019
Source: ISAAA, 2019
 Table 1. Global Area of
Biotech Crops in 2019: by
Country (million hectares)

Rank Country 2019

1 USA 71.5
2 Brazil 52.8
3 Argentina 24
4 Canada 12.5

5 India 11.9
6 Paraguay 4.1
7 China 3.2
South
8 2.7
Africa
9 Pakistan 2.5
Figure: 5 Global area of Biotech crops,
1996 to 2019 (Million hectares) 10 Bolivia 1.4

Source: ISAAA, 2019

Global Adoption of Biotech Soybean, Maize, Cotton, and
Canola in 2019

Figure: 6 Adoption of Biotech crops in 2019

Source: ISAAA, 2019

 GM Crops in India

• Despite having just one GM crop (Bt cotton) in India. India is

the fifth largest producer behind USA, Brazil, Argentina and
Canada of GM crops.
• In India GEAC, under Ministery of Environment & Forests, is
the primary body which is responsible for granting permits to
conduct experimental and large scale open field trials and
also grant approval for commercial release of biotech crops.
• The idea of Bt Brinjal was dropped in 2010 following large
scale protests.
• For GM Mustard commercial cropping was ordered to start
in August 2016. the trials of GM mustard variety named as
Dhara Mustard Hybrid 11 are successful Mustard will
become the first food item for which GM seeds will be
allowed.
Figure: 7. 17 Years of Bt Cotton Adoption in India (2002-2018)
Brookes and Barfoot (2018)
 TABLE 2. Some important GM crops entered into regulatory
system in India
S.N. Name of Gene Name of gene Released by status
crop
1 Cotton Insect Resistance MON531/cry1Ac Monsanto Approved
2 Cotton Insect Resistance cry1F gene, cry1Ac ICAR-CICR, Event selection trials
gene Nagpur

3 Cotton Herbicide Tolerance cp4epsps gene Mahyco Confined field trials

4 Brinjal Insect Resistance cry1Fa1, cry2Aa, Global Event selection trials

stacked cry1Fa1 Transgenes
and cry2Aa

5 Brinjal Insect Resistance ANK-19 Ankur Seeds BRL-I trials

event/Cry1Fa1
gene

6 Brinjal Insect Resistance Cry1Fa1 gene Rasi Seeds Event selection trials

7 Maize Insect Resistance MON89034 Monsanto BRL-I trials

 Contd…
S.N Name of Gene Name of Released status
crop gene by
8 Maize Herbicide NK603 Monsanto BRL-II trials
Tolerance
9 Maize Herbicide cp4epsps Metahelix Confined field trials
Tolerance
10 Groundn Drought rd29A Hyderabad Confined field trials
ut Tolerance gene
11 Rice Salt Tolerance OSnhx1 Mahyco Event selection trials
gene
12 Rice Water use ipt gene Mahyco Event selection trials
efficiency
13 Cauliflo Insect Resistance Event Sungro Confined field trials
wer CFE4 Seeds
14 Wheat Salt Tolerance OSnhx1 Mahyco Event selection trials
gene
15 Potato Fungal RB gene Shimla Event selection trials
Resistance

Kumari et.al (2021)

 Applications of Gene Revolution

 Protoplast fusion and somatic hybridization to produce new

crosses

 Biotic and Abiotic stress tolerance

 Production of genetic maps

 Genetically-engineered male sterility, to produce hybrid

varieties

 Transgenic plants for pest resistance

 In vitro germplasm conservation, storage and distribution

Source: Conway (1997)

 Major Approaches Responsible for Gene Revolution

Molecular markers
Classification
Ideal Properties of marker
Application
Marker-assisted selection
MAS Applications
Limitations
Genetic Mapping
QTL mapping
Association mapping
Plant genomic selection
Objectives
Advantages
 Major Approaches Responsible for Gene Revolution

Bioinformatics
Bioinformatics Tools
Advantages
Microarray analysis
Transformation
Methods
Why transformation ?
Cis-genesis
Applications
 Genome editing
•CRISPER CAS9
Green Revolution Versus Gene Revolution
Green Revolution
A large increase in crop production in
developing countries achieved by the use
of fertilizers, pesticides and high yield crop
varieties
Occurred from 1960 to 1990
Based on traditional breeding methods
Used technologies such as cross
breeding, tissue culture and embryo
transfer
Technologies were at genetic level
Commercialized products are various
wheat varieties and miracle rice
Drawback : inability of the traditional
breeding methods to improve the yield
above a particular level
Gene Revolution
A phase following the green
revolution during which agricultural
biotechnology was heavily
implemented
Occurred from 1990 to 1999
Based on biotechnology
Used technologies such as gene
gun and Agro- bacterium mediated
gene transfer
Technologies were at molecular
level
Commercialized products include
herbicide resistant soyabean and
maize, insect resistant cotton
Drawback : impact of the GMOs on
the environment and human health
Case Study

31
 Genetic diversity and trait genomic prediction in a
1 pea diversity panel
Diverse accessions-
372 pea (including landraces and cultivars of garden,
field or fodder peas as well as wild peas)

Markers used- 29 SSR, and 351 SNP

Traits are studied-

Thousand seed weight (TSW), Beginning of Flowering
(BegFlo) and Number of Seeds per plant (NSeed)

Models used for the prediction-

PLS, SPLS, LASSO, Bayes A, Bayes B and GBLUP

Dijon, France Burstin et al.

FIGURE 2: Genetic position of markers used
Figure 2 Correlations of
phenotypes between the
2003 and 2007 field trials.
(a) Thousand seed weight
(g),
(b) Sum of temperatures
from sowing to beginning of
flowering (degree-days) and
(c) Seed Number per plant.