LIGHTING SYSTEM

By Eng. Nilusha Rajapaksha. BSc.Eng.(Hons), MIEEE, MIES, Certified Dialux Evo Trainer,
&
Eng. Minoj Silva, BSc.Eng.(Hons), PG Dip.(Eng.), MIEEE, MIES
I am……
Eng. Minoj Silva, BSc.Eng.(Hons), PG Dip.(Eng.), MIEEE, MIES

Working Background

2005 – 2013
BK Gulf LLC. Dubai (Leading MEP Contractor in MEA)
Positions: Electrical Engineer / Snr. Electrical Engineer / Lead Engineer
(Projects: Atlantis Hotel, Dubai Lake Fountain, St. Regis Resort, New York University etc.)

2013 to Present
- INTEC System & Solutions (Pvt) Ltd – Engineering Director (2013 – 2017)
- PROLighting Group (Pvt) Ltd (Co-Founder / Director) (2017 – present)
- FAMA LLC, Dubai, UAE (Business Consultant) (2019 – present)
- Project Management Advisor (2019 – present)
- Project Consultant, CDN, China/UAE (2021 – present)
Lecture Outline
1. Introduction to Lighting (A)
2. Physics in Lighting (A)
3. Lamp Types and Applications (B)
4. Guidelines for Lighting Design (B)
5. Lighting Control and Energy Saving Methods (A)
6. Tender Preparation and Evaluation (A)
7. Dialux Practical Session (B)
8. SMART Building / Intelligent Building / Bright building (A) - Optional
1. Introduction to Lighting
A. Light and Vision

- Light is regarding
Science
Engineering
Art (Architectural)

- Light enables us to see the world

- The eye can see the shape, colour and brightness (not objects)
- Light enters our eyes directly from a light source, or it is reflected from a surface.
- The colour sensation is a property of the wavelength of light that enters our eyes. (but, colour
and wavelength have no one-to-one relationship)
- Amount of reflected from a surface gives us the sensation of its brightness.
- The shape sensation is made up from properties such as straight, round, long, short, square
etc
A. Light and Vision

- The colour allows us to identify the material and features of surfaces.

- Visual difference between bright and dark areas is known as contrast. It allows us to identify shapes,
details on the surface of an object and difference one object from another.
- The human vision depends not only on the amount and quality of light available, but also on the capacity
of the eye to see properly.
A. Light and Vision

- Human eye also adjusts to the level of light available in our field of vision.
- Ability to see quality of light depends on age as well
- Consequently colour, brightness, contrast, visual ability, age and adaptation are all parameters that need
to be considered when designing a light system

Contrast
B. Lighting Category ?

Lighting can be categorized into areas.

1.Indoor Lighting
- Office / BOH (Back of House Lighting)
- FOH (Front of House Lighting)

2. Outdoor Lighting
3. Façade Lighting
4. Landscape Lighting
5. Underwater Lighting
6. Aviation Lighting
Indoor Lighting Façade Lighting

Landscape Lighting Underwater Lighting

B. Type of Lighting Projects ?

1. Hospitality
2. Commercial (Office)
3. Residential
4. Educational Institutes
5. Transportation (Airports)
6. Healthcare
7. Industrial
8. Roads & Bridges
9. Mixed Development
Hospitality Commercial (Eg.Office)

Residential Class Room

Transportation (Eg. Airport) Hospitality

Industrial Roads & Bridges

Project Structures & Behaviour
Related Stakeholders of the Project, Responsibilities & Behaviors

1. Project Owner / Developer

• Who invest & own the property……
• May be a person or a company
• Some FF&E items maybe purchased by the developer / client directly.
• Highly concerned about the quality, maintenance and ROI.

2. Operator (for Hospitality Projects)?

• Who operates the property
• Mostly have brand standards
• Sometimes taking part of the investment.
• Highly concerned about the quality, maintenance, operational profit
 Related Stakeholders of the Project, Responsibilities & Behaviors

3. Project Management Team

• Who does the Project Management role during the construction period (Pre & Post)
• Some projects, called as “Construction Management Team”.
• Handles the entire process on behalf of the developer / client
• Main contractor and Consultancy team have to report to the Project Management team .
Related Stakeholders of the Project, Responsibilities & Behaviors

4. Design & Consultancy Team

• Architect
• ID Consultant
• Lighting Designer
• Civil & Structural Consultant
• MEP Consultants
o HVAC Consultant
o Electrical Consultant
o Mechanical/Plumbing Consultant
• Cost Consultant
Related Stakeholders of the Project, Responsibilities & Behaviors

Lighting Designer
• Design
• Specification
• Drawings
• Control Schedule
• T&C
• Scene Settings
Related Stakeholders of the Project, Responsibilities & Behaviors

5. Main Contractor
• Who does the whole construction.
• Obtains subcontractors to do special services;
o MEP
o ID Contract
o IT, etc.
• Cost oriented with contract value.
• Less knowledge about lighting and issues may arise (biggest challenge)
• Lighting package might take from MEP contractor
Related Stakeholders of the Project, Responsibilities & Behaviors

6. Sub Contractor
• Who does the MEP or Electrical contract under the main contractor
• Lighting package mostly under this contractor unless special contract type
• Cost oriented with contract value.
• Less knowledge about lighting and issues may arise (biggest challenge)

7. Lighting Supplier
• Agents / Distributors / Partners
• Solution Providers
2. Physics in Lighting
1. Definition of Light ?

Electromagnetic radiation that is visible to the human eye and is responsible for the sense of sight.

Electromagnetic Spectrum
1. Definition of Light ?

Electromagnetic wave equation

E = h x f : Plank’s equation
E – Energy
h – Planck’s constant
f - Frequency

C=fxλ
C – Velocity of Light
f - frequency
λ – wavelength
1. Definition of Light ?
Photometric Standard Observer V(λ)
-The brightness sensation of the human eye depends on Colour or wavelength

The highest eye sensitivity lies on Green Yellow region

@ 555nm
 1. Definition of Light ?

Photometric Standard Observer V(λ)

- Photopic vision is the vision of the eye under well-lit conditions

- Scotopic vision is the vision of the eye under low-light levels
- Photopic has a significantly higher visual acuity and temporal resolution than available with
scotopic vision
2. Luminous Flux – (Φ or F)

-Luminous flux describes the total amount of “light” power emitted by a light source.
- This radiation could basically be measured or expressed in Watt. This does not, however, describe the
optical effect of a light source adequately, since the varying spectral sensitivity of the eye is not taken
into account.
- To include the spectral sensitivity of the eye the luminous flux is measured in “lumen” and denoted by
“lm”. Sometme is called as “Lumnous Power as well”.
- Radiant flux of 1 W emitted at the peak of the spectral sensitivity(in the photopic range at 555nm)
produces a luminous flux of 683lm. for an example 1W of monochromatic light at 555nm will be
equivalent to 683 lumens.
3. Luminous efficacy (η)

- Luminous efficacy describes the luminous flux of a lamp in relation to its power consumption
and is therefore expressed in lumen per watt (lm/W).

- The maximum value theoretically attainable when the total radiant power is transformed into
visible light is 683lm/W.
- Luminous efficacy varies from light source to light source.
- but always remains well below this optimum value.
Luminous Flux of Typical Light Sources

Incandescent 100W - 1400lm (ef=14 lm/W)

CFL 18W - 1000lm (ef = 55.55 lm/W)
Fluorescent W36 - 2400lm (ef = 66.67 lm/W)
Metal Halide 1000W - 120,000lm (ef = 120 lm/W)
LED 10W - 1050lm (ef = 105 lm/W)
4. The Quantity of Light (Q)

- The quantity of light, or luminous energy is a product of the luminous flux emitted multiplied
by time. Luminous energy is generally expressed in klm·h.
5. Luminous Intensity (I)

- Defined as luminous flux (lumens) emitted per unit solid angle in any given direction.
measured in “Candela” (cd)

Sr - steradians

- An ideal point-source lamp radiates luminous flux uniformly into the space in all directions.
- In practice, however, luminous flux is not distributed uniformly.
- Ex.

Total solid angle in a sphere = Area / Radius2

= 4∏r2 / r2

= 4 ∏ steradians

- Typical Luminous Intensities

Candle 1cd
100W incandescent lamp 110cd
Sun 3 x 1027 cd
6. Illuminance (E)

- The lighting level of a surface is measured by the Illuminance.

- The unit of illumance is the “LUX”
- Illuminance is defined as the luminous flux (lumens) falling on a surface per unit area normal to
the surface.
- 1 lumen falling on a 1m2 perpendicular to the surface gives an illuminance of 1 lux.
- Recommended Illuminance

- Follow IES / CIBSE / Own Practice.

7. Luminance or Brightness (cd/m2)

- Luminous Intensity per unit projected area of a surface in a given direction.

- It measures the amount of light emitted or reflected from a surface and incident upon the eye.
- measured in cd/m2

Brightness is not an important factor for lighting design.

But “GLARE” is an important factor for lighting design. Glare means, light directly to eye from the
source.
- Three Basic Quantities

1. Luminous Flux (F) : It is about total light emitted

(measured in Lumen – lm)

2. Illuminance (E) : It is about light level

(measured in LUX)

3. Luminous Intensity (I) : it is about light emitted in a

given direction. (measured in cd)

4. Luminance : It is about brightness

4. Luminance : It is about brightness

 Relation between F, I and E
1. Total luminous flux (F) emitted by a source of luminance intensity ( I )

F = 4.∏.I
(This assumes as isometric source – a light source that emits light with the same luminous intensity in all
directions)

2. Inverse Square Law :

The illuminance (E) at a point in a plane perpendicular to the direction of luminous flux (F) is
equal to the luminous intensity (I) divided by the square of the distance (r) from the light source.

E = I / r2 LUX
 100W Efficacy = lm/w
F
EO = ??
Example
2m
Eo
O
 100W Efficacy = lm/w =15
F
EO = ??
Example F=ηx P
2m F= 15 x 100
Eo F = 1500 lm
O
F = 4x∏xI
I = 1500 / 4x 3.14 = 119 cd

Eo = I / r2
Eo = 119 / 4
Eo = 29.75 Lux
3. Cosine Law
- When the plane to be illuminated is not perpendicular
to the flux of light falling on the surface,

Eo = I / r2 LUX
I

EA = I / r2 Cos ß LUX
EA ß
Eo ß
3. Lambert Cosine Law

At point P, on surface A
d EA = I/d2
I At point O, on surface
h EO = I/h2
EB
EA ß
Eo Also Cos ß = h/d
B
From above eqn.
O P
A EA = EO Cos2 ß
From cosine law;
EB = EA Cos ß

So;
EB = EO Cos3 ß

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 An Example :
d If the illuminance at point 0 on
due to an isotropic point source
h is 200 lux, then calculate the
EB
illuminance at point B
ß
Eo
h = 4m ; OB = 3m
O B

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Answer

EB = EO Cos3 ß
EO = 200 lux
Cos ß = 4/5
= 0.8

Therefore
EB = 200 x (0.8)3 = 102.4 lux

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Lambert Cosine Law (at Non-uniform sources)

Not an isotropic source

d EB = EO Cos3 ß
I(ß)
h
EB EB = (I/h2) Cos3 ß

Eo
ß
Now I is a function of ß
O B
Therefore,

EB = [I(ß)/h2] Cos3 ß

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 LUX Calculation – Lumen Method

Parameters………..
1. Maintenance Factor (MF) :
Used in illumination calculation to allow for the reduction of light output from a source of fitting due to
lumen output depreciation, dust etc. with the time.

2. Utilization Factor (UF):

used in illumination calculation which allows for loss of light absorption by reflectors, ceiling , wall, floor
etc.

UF = (Lumen received by working plane) / (Lumen emitted by the source)

LUX Calculation – Lumen Method

3. Room Index
- The Room Index K is a measure of the propotions of the room.

For Rectangular Room K is defined as……

- If the room is L – Shape , it should be divided into two or more and treated separately.
LUX Calculation – Lumen Method

4. Spacing Height Ration (SHR)

- SHR is defined as distance between the source point of two luminaires / height of the luminaries above a
working plane. “Axial” and “Transvers” SHRs.
- The correct spacing of luminaires is important since large spaces b/w the fittings may result in a fall-off
illuminance at the working plane midway b/w adjacent fittings.
- The illuminance between the luminaries must not be allowed to fall below 70% of the value directly below
the fittings. This rule will differ at the Architectural lighting.
- In Commercial lighting mostly a spacing to mountain height ratio of 1:1 to 2:1 is considered.
- 0.8m above the floor level is normally considered as working plan in commercial application (eg. Office
Room).
- Sometimes above guidelines are not applicable , specially in Hospitality Sector.
LUX Calculation – Lumen Method
LUX Calculation – Lumen Method
Example :

9m (L), 8m (W) & 3m(H) , a workshop to be illuminated at 500 lux level on the worktop at 0.8m (from the
floor). The selected light fitting (Brand: x) is 1200mm length 36W FL tubes (2 nos) and each provide
3200lm output. The fitting data sheet says reflections of the ceiling, wall and floor are 0.7, 0.5 & 0.2
respectively.
- Determine the number of luminaires required , when MF is assumed as 0.7
- Sketch the layout of the lighting plan.
- Determine the spacing and height ratio.
LUX Calculation – Lumen Method
LUX Calculation – Lumen Method
LUX Calculation – Lumen Method
LUX Calculation – Lumen Method

- If take 16 fittings, then will have 4 columns by 4 rows of fittings

- The fitting near the edge of the wall is half of the distance from others.
- The layout is indicated with 16 fittings
- The axial SHR = 2 / (3-0.8) = 0.9
- The transvers SHR = 2.25 / (3 – 0.8) = 1.02
- Since both SHR are less than SHR NOM = 1.75
- The room is adequately lit with acceptable uniformity.
Colours
- The chromaticity diagram plots the entire gamut of human of human-perceivable colours by their x-y
coordinates defined with respect to stimulus colours in the human eye

1931 CIE Chromaticity Diagram

Colours

1931 CIE Chromaticity Diagram

Additive Colours (RGB System)

- The additive colour system involves light emitted directive from a source.
- Additive colour synthesis is the method of creating colour by mixing various proportion of two or
three colours from light source.
- These primary colour sources are commonly red, green and blue.
- Equal proportions of two primary colours create a secondary colour .
1 Red + 1 Blue = Magenta
1 Blue + 1 Green = Cyan
1 Green + 1 Red = Yellow
Additive Colours (RGB System)

- Equal proportions of all three primaries create white.

1 Red + 1 Blue + 1 Green = White

- Unequal proportions of two or three primaries create other colour.

2 Red + 1 Green = Orange
2 Green + 1 Red = Lime
1 Blue + 1 Green + 4 Red = Brown
Additive Colours (RGB System)
Additive Colours (RGB System)
Subtractive Colours

- Natural objects such as an apple create colour by subcontracting or absorbing certain wavelengths of
colour while reflecting other wavelengths back to the viewer. This process called “Subtractive colour”.

- We are mostly familiar with subtractive, not additive colour synthesis.

- Associated with the reflective light from a surface and NOT with light emitted from a source.
Subtractive Colours
Subtractive Colours
5. Lighting Control & Energy Savings
I. Introduction

• Two types of lighting control systems

1. Manual Lighting Control System
- Via On/Off lighting switches (mechanical switches)

2. Intelligent Lighting Control System

- Is an intelligent network based lighting control system communication between all devices and
provide facility for central control & monitoring
II. System Architecture
II. System Architecture
1. Field Level :
Input & Output devices at the field.

Sensors (PIR/DL) Button/Touch Plate Communication Type

Driver
II. System Architecture

2. Controller Level
Data collection, Processing, sending & Control

Switching Module Dimming Module

Lighting Control Panel

DMX Module
II. System Architecture
3. Management Level
Software driven system to manage entire system locally and remotely.

Workstation

Floor Plan – Screen Shots

III. Control Methods & Applications

• Operationally two methods + Colour Change Method (RGB / RGBW)

1. Switching (ON/Off)
2. Dimming (0% - 100%)
#. Colour Change (RGB / RGBW – DMX)
Switching
- Network Switch (via button plate)
- PIR Switch
- Time Clock System
- Photo Sensors
Light will be switched ON when it is needed only. No energy waste.
III. Control Methods & Applications
Switching Application
- Corridor / Meeting room / Public toilet / Car parks

Fig.02 - Corridor

Fig.03 - Meeting Room

III. Control Methods & Applications
Switching Application
- Corridor / Meeting room / Public toilet / Car parks

Fig. 04-Public Toilet

Fig.05-Car Park

Fig.06-Street Lights
III. Control Methods & Applications
Dimming
- Changing light output (lumen) from 0% to 100% by changing input voltage.
- Mainly used for day light harvesting and mood setting.
- 3 types of dimming method
(1). Phase dimming
Control 230V input voltage from 0% to 100%
eg: Incandescent , Halogen

(2). 0-10V dimming

Separate 1-10V control signal to the control gear (Driver/ballast)

(3). Dali
- A communication bus protocol
- Individual address to each & every fittings
- Highest flexibility on monitor & control
- Excellent energy saving
III. Control Methods & Applications

Dimming Application
1. Day Light Harvesting
- Controlling light output by analyzing available daylight to provide desired lighting level to the
location. Widely used to save the energy.

2. Light will be dimmed , when less occupancy or no occupancy (where can not be completely
dark).
3. Create Lighting Scenes

Daylight Harvesting Scenes

III. Control Methods & Applications

DMX (Digital Multiplex)

- Considered as an open protocol.
- Used for change the colours of RGB or RGBW fittings. Can use for switching / Dimming both as
well.
- Individual address to each & every fittings
- Highest flexibility on monitor & control
- Work as Master / Slave Method.
IV. Wiring and Control Schedule
Phase Dimming
IV. Wiring and Control Schedule
1 - 10V Dimming
IV. Wiring and Control Schedule
DALI
IV. Wiring and Control Schedule
DMX Control
IV. Wiring and Control Schedule

Switching Driver

DALI Driver

1-10V Dimming Driver

IV. Wiring and Control Schedule

DMX Controller
(Slave)

DMX Controller
(Slave)
 IV. Wiring and Control Schedule
Control Schedule

Note: The Total Leakage current of the Drivers (Eg. 0.3mA – 0.5mA per each) that all connected RCD to be less
then Sensitivity of the RCD unit (Eg. 30mA or 100mA) to avoid nuisance tripping.
V. Energy Saving Strategies
• Personal Control of Lighting
• Occupancy based sensing
• Scheduled Switching
• Daylight Harvesting
• Shade & Blind Control
• Astronomical switching of outdoor lighting
• Demand Control Switching
• Real-time monitoring & verification of system performance.
V. Energy Saving Strategies

This graph shows how increases energy saving by using above strategies.
6. Tender Preparation & Evaluation
I . Tender Documents

1. General Specification
2. Lighting Specification
3. Lighting Layout Drawings
4. Lighting Control Schematic Diagram
5. Lighting Control Schedule
5. BOQ
I . Tender Evaluation & Post Tender Process
1. Tender Evaluation Team (TET)
- Lighting Designer / Consultant (Technical matters)
- Client’s Representative (Financial Review)
- Architect (Aesthetical Appearances)
2. If the proposal goes beyond Engineering Estimation which is made by the lighting consultant
& the Client’s Team, Value Engineering Options to be considered.
3. After select the supplier, The client has to issue PO or LOA to the successful bidder.
4. The Successful bidder (Supplier / Contractor) has to submit comprehensive “Material
Submittal” as per the project format with necessary samples prior to the production.
5. Once the material submittal is approved, Production can be started.
SMART Building / Intelligent
Building / Bright building

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Key Identifications
• Intelligent Building / Smart Building
A building that uses both technology and process to create a
facility that is safe, healthy and comfortable and enables
productivity and well being for its occupants.

• Building Management System (BMS / BAS) ?

A programmed, computerized, intelligent network of
electronic devices that monitor and control building services
such as HVAC, Lighting, Power distribution, Security systems,
Fire life safety systems, Plumbing Systems, Energy
management etc.

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Key Identifications
• Integrated Building Management System (iBMS)
All subsystems will operate with their own platforms from
field level to automation level, but all subsystems will operate
through single management level (common IP infrastructure
from Automation level to Management level.

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system architecture
• BMS / BAS

90
 system architecture

• Field Level
- Sensors, Actuators, Valves, Relays, Switches, pulse
generators, Ballasts (control gears), etc.

• Automation Level
- DDCs, smart meters (Power & BTUs), subsystem’s
control panel (eg. Lighting control panels), network
modules, interface units (gateways)

• Management Level
- Servers, Software, Workstations, etc.

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system architectures
• iBMS

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system architecture s
• MSI (Master System Integrator)

MSI

Subsystem
BMS LCS FDA CCTV ACS Management.
level

HVAC
Power
This is another system which differ from iBMS. Separate management system (called MSI) act all
over above subsystem’s management level.

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Green Building Vs Intelligent Building
Non-Crossing Concept

94
Green Building Vs Intelligent Building
Crossing Concept

95
Intelligent building concept can be implemented…….

• Hospitality (Hotels, Resorts, etc)

• Healthcare (Hospitals, Clinics etc)
• Residential Buildings
• Shopping malls/Retails
• Airports/Ports
• Power stations/substations
• District cooling plants
• Educational Institutes
• Museums/ Exhibition centers

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Connected Subsystems with IBMS
1. HVAC System (C+M)
2. Power Distribution (M)
3. Lighting Control System (C+M)
- Switching & Dimming
4. Security Systems (C+M)
- Video Surveillance (CCTV)
- Access Control System
- Intruder Alarm System
- Car Park Management System
- Guard Tour System
5. Life Safety Systems (M)
- Fire Detection & Alarm System
- Fire Protection System
- Emergency Generator
-Emergency Lighting System & Exit Light

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Connected Subsystems with IBMS
6. Plumbing Systems (C+M)
7. Vertical Transportation System (C+M)
8. Property Management System (C+M)
9. Guest Room Management System (C+M)
10. Maintenance Management System (C+M)
11. Energy Management System (C+M)

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Key Energy Saving Strategies with IBMS
1. HVAC System
- VSD operation according to the demand
- Plant Duty / Stand by operation according to the demand
- Cooling & Heating control as per occupancy & operation modes
(night setback, non occupancy room)
- Energy saving shut-off (Eg. FCU shut off when Window open)

2. Emergency Generator
- Duty / Stand by operation (Eg. N+1)

3. Lighting Control System (Switching & Dimming)

- Occupancy (S)
- Daylight Harvesting (D & S)
- Time Clock (S)
4. Shade & Blind Control
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 Key Energy Saving Strategies with IBMS
- Energy Share Between Mechanical Systems & Electrical Systems
in a general building (eg.Hotel)
Mechanical (HVAC & Plumbing System) ≈ 60%
Electrical System ≈ 40%

- A Building can be designed with above energy saving strategies

to achieve 40% of total energy consumption over traditional
design & operations concepts

- But it is proven above 40% can be increased up to 60% with energy

optimization models/softwares which are available with Building
Automation Systems and its subsystems.

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iBMS projects
Atlantis Resort, The Palm Dubai (Construction 2006 – 2008)
-1605 Rooms Hotel
- Retail Village
-Water Park
- 52 nos 1.5MVA T/Fs

iBMS
(IO points > 40,000)

Cleveland Clinic Hospital

Abu Dhabi (2011 – 2014)

(iBMS IO points > 40,000)

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iBMS projects

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MSI project
Louvre Museum, Abu Dhabi

Model Image
Design & Tender : 2010 - 2012

Construction Image
Construction start – 2014/15
Scheduled to open - 2017

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Case Study……
Atlantis Resort, The Palm Dubai

Design Development Phase = 68 nos 1.5MVA T/Fs (Maximum Demand, 0.8 DF)
After adding further energy savings strategies …..
Final Design Phase = 52 nos of 1.5MVA T/Fs
Electrical Energy Saving = 24%

After completion BMS & later convert to the iBMS further 5% - 10% electrical energy
saved (Total = 29% - 34%).

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Benefits of Intelligent buildings
1. Building tenant/occupants
- Good control of internal comfort conditions
- Possibility of individual room control
- Increased staff productivity
- Effective monitoring and targeting of energy consumption
- Improved plant reliability and life
2. Building Owners
- Higher rental value
- Flexibility on change of building use
- Individual tenant billing for services facilities time saving
- Remote Monitoring of the plants

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Benefits of intelligent building
3. Facility Management Side (Maintenance)
- Save time and money during the maintenance.
- Ease of information availability
- Computerized maintenance scheduling
- Effective use of maintenance staff
- Early detection of problems
THE END

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