8TH GRADE

MS. CHRISTINE JOYCE SAMO

 2nd Quarter
LESSON 1

EARTHQUAKES
AND FAULTS
Why do we need to learn about Earthquakes?
 The shaking and trembling that results from
the movement of rock beneath Earth’s
surface.

 The movement is caused by stress in Earth’s

layer.
 It is a force that squeezes rocks together,
stretches or pulls them apart, or pushes them
in different directions.
Where do Earthquakes occur?
 It is a crack
or zone of cracks
between two blocks
of rock.
THREE TYPES OF FAULTS
NORMAL FAULT

 Tension pulls
rocks apart
resulting in
normal faults.
REVERSE FAULT

 Compression
squeezes rock
together resulting
in reverse faults.
 STRIKE-SLIP FAULT

 Shear causes rocks

to slide past each
other resulting in
strike-slip faults.
REVERSE FAULT
STRIKE-SLIP FAULT
NORMAL FAULT
NORMAL FAULT
STRIKE-SLIP FAULT
REVERSE FAULT
NORMAL FAULT
 How do faults produce quakes?

 Energy from inside the Earth make the ground move.

 Friction held the rocks together. Once the friction is

overcome, the ground will move and the earthquake
will occur.
Where does an earthquake start?
 THE FOCUS AND EPICENTER OF
AN EARTHQUAKE

 The point within Earth where

faulting begins is the
FOCUS or HYPOCENTER.

 The point directly above the

focus on the surface is the
EPICENTER.
 SEISMIC WAVES
 SEISMIC WAVES are the waves of energy as a
result of the sudden breaking of rock within the
earth or an explosion.

 It tells us about the internal structure of the Earth

because these waves travel at different speeds in
different materials.
TYPES OF SEISMIC WAVES
 P WAVES OR PRIMARY WAVES

 Fastest waves

 Travel through solids, liquids, or gases

 Compressional wave, material movement is in

the same direction as wave movement.
 S WAVES OR SECONDARY WAVES

 Slower than P waves

 Travel through solids only

 Shear wave, move material perpendicular to

wave movement.
 SURFACE WAVES

 Slowly than P and S waves, but usually

produce larger ground movements and greater
damage.
 MEASURING EARTHQUAKES

 SEISMOGRAPH- device
that can detect and record
seismic waves.

 The record of an earthquake

on a seismograph is called
SEISMOGRAM.
 TWO DIFFERENT WAYS OF MEASURING AN
EARTHQUAKE

1. MAGNITUDE- It measures the size of an earthquake

from its source, and is measured by the Richter
Magnitude Scale.

2. INTENSITY- It is a term used to describe how strong

the shaking is.
 PHIVOLCS

 It is stands for Philippine Institute of Volcanology and

Seismology.

 It is the leading geological agency in the Philippines,

and they are mandated to study volcanoes, earthquakes,
and other related phenomena.
PHIVOLCS EARTHQUAKE
INTENSITY SCALE (PEIS)
 ACTIVE AND INACTIVE FAULTS

Active Faults are known to have recently generated

earthquakes within the last 10,000 years, which may still
continue to generate earthquakes.

Inactive Faults are structures that we can identify, but

which do no have earthquakes.
ACTIVE AND INACTIVE FAULTS
 TSUNAMI
 Large waves formed by earthquake displaced water.

 It spreads out from an earthquake’s epicenter and speeds

across the ocean.

 As they approach shallow water near a coastline, the

waves become closer together.
TSUNAMI
THANK
YOU!