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 Dc¯’vcbvq:
wPb¥q Kzgvi gwjøK
cÖfvlK
evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨
Iqvì© BDwbfvwm©wU Ae
evsjv‡`k, XvKv
AvR‡Ki Av‡jvP¨ welq : evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i AvaywbK
hyM (1801-eZ©gvb)
 evsjv M‡`¨i m~Pbv:
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i AvaywbK hy‡Mi hvÎv ïiæ nq 1800 mv‡j
KjKvZvq †dvU© DBwjqvg K‡jR cÖwZôvi gva¨‡g| AvaywbK
hy‡Mi ˆewkó¨ n‡jv, ga¨hy‡Mi mvwnZ¨ aviv Z¨vM K‡i
mvwn‡Z¨ gvbeZv‡eva, hyw³‡eva, mgvR‡PZbv, ¯^‡`k‡cÖg,
e¨w³¯^vZš¿¨‡eva, †ivgvw›UKZv‡K AšÍf©y³ Kiv| †dvU©
DBwjqvg K‡jR †_‡K evsjv fvlv PP©v e„w×i j‡ÿ¨ GLv‡b 1801
mv‡j evsjv wefvM Pvjy Kiv nq| Avi DBwjqvg †Kix (1761-1834)
†K evsjv wefv‡Mi cÖavb wn‡m‡e wbhy³ Kiv nq| Dbvi
mn‡hvMx K‡qKRb wkÿK/cwÛZI wQ‡jb|
 evsjv M`¨MÖš’ iPbv:
DBwjqvg †Kix- K_‡cvK_b (1801)
BwZnvmgvjv (1812)

ivgivg emy- ivRv cÖZvcvw`Z¨ PwiÎ (1801)

wjwcgvjv (1802)
g„Zz¨Äq we`¨vj¼vi- ewÎk wmsnvmb (1802)
cÖ‡evaPw›`ªKv (1833)
PÛxPiY gybkx- †ZvZv BwZnvm (1805)
†MvjKbv_ kg©v- wn‡Zvc‡`k (1802)
jW© I‡q‡jmwj KZ©„K †dvU© DBwjqvg K‡jRwU 1800 mv‡ji 4 †g
cÖwZôv †c‡jI 24 b‡f¤^i †_‡K g~j hvÎv ïiæ K‡i|
 evsjv M‡`¨ AvaywbKZv:
Gici evsjv M‡`¨ AvaywbKZv Av‡bb Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi (1820-1891)|
wZwb M`¨ weKv‡k AMÖYx f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib| evsjv M`¨‡K mvejxj
K‡i †Zvjvi Rb¨ wZwb hwZ wP‡ýi e¨envi K‡ib| GQvov ms¯‹…Z
mvwn‡Z¨i evsjvq Abyev` mn †gŠwjK evsjv MÖš’I iPbv K‡ib| Zuvi
mgvR ms¯‹vi I G RvZxq MÖš’ †mmg‡q †ek mvov RvwM‡qwQj|
†mme MÖš’¸‡jvi g‡a¨: kKzšÍjv, mxZvi ebevm, åvwšÍwejvm, †eZvj
cÂweskwZ|
mgvR ms¯‹vig~jK MÖš’ iPbvq ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivqI A‡bK Ae`vb
†i‡L‡Qb| Zuvi iwPZ MÖš’¸‡jvi g‡a¨: †e`všÍ MÖš’, †e`všÍ mvi,
†Mv¯^vgxi mvwnZ¨ wePvi c_¨ cÖ`vb|
 AvaywbK KweZv:
evsjv mvwnZ¨ Z_v evsjv KweZvq AvaywbKZv Av‡bb gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë
(1824-1873)| gvB‡Kj‡K ejv nq evsjv AvaywbK KweZvi RbK| Z‡e, gvB‡Kj
Gi c~‡e© evsjv KweZvq AvaywbKZv Avbvi †Póv K‡ib fviZP›`ª ivq¸YvKi
Zuvi ÔAbœ`vg½j Kv‡e¨Õ ga¨ w`‡q| cieZ©x‡Z gvB‡KjB iveb‡K bvqK K‡i
mvwn‡Z¨ cÖ_g we‡`ªvn Avb‡jb| Zuvi iwPZ Ô‡gNbv`eaKve¨Õ gnvKve¨ n‡q
DV‡jv cÖPwjZ avivi evB‡ii Kve¨| wZwb bvix‡K cÖwZev`x K‡i Zzj‡jb-
Òiveb k¦ïi gg †gNbv` ¯^vgx
Avwg WivB mwL wfLvix ivN‡e?Ó
gvB‡Kj ïay evsjv KweZv‡ZB bq| gvÎ 7 eQ‡ii evsjv mvwnZ¨ PP©vi Rxe‡b
wZwb evsjv bvU‡K AvaywbKZv Av‡bb| GQvov mvwn‡Z¨i wewfbœ aviv
Zuvi gva¨‡g AvaywbKZvi †Quvqv cvq| gvB‡Kj cieZ©xKv‡j iex›`ªbv_
VvKzi G‡m evsjv mvwnZ¨fvÛvi‡K wek¦`iev‡i †cuŠ‡Q †`b| wZwb
mvwn‡Z¨i be be m„wó‡Z g‡bv‡hvMx nb Ges evsjv mvwnZ¨‡K mg„× Ki‡Z
_v‡Kb| Gici bRiæj G‡m evsjv KweZvq we‡`ªv‡ni m~ÎcvZ NUvb| †mmg‡q
iex›`ª ejq †_‡K †ewi‡q w·kvËi Kweiv evsjv Kv‡e¨ AviI AvaywbKZv
Av‡bb| d‡j, Avgv‡`i evsjv KweZv ax‡i ax‡i mg„× n‡Z _v‡K|
 Dcb¨vm mvwnZ¨:
Dwbk kZ‡Ki cÖ_g w`‡K evsjv M`¨ cÖPj‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ †jLK‡`i †fZi
M`¨ †jLvi cÖeYZv †`Lv hvq| †m‡PóviB GKwU Ab¨Zg w`K n‡jv evsjv
Dcb¨vm iPbv| hw`I evsjv Dcb¨vm m„wói c~‡e© bvbv †kÖwYi iƒcK_v-
DcK_vi cÖPjb wQj| fevbxPiY e‡›`¨vcva¨vq cÖ_g evsjv Dcb¨vm iPbvi
cÖ‡Póv K‡ib 1823 mv‡ji w`‡K Ôbeevey wejvmÕ I Ôbewewe wejvmÕ
iPbvi gva¨‡g| Z‡e Zv mv_©KZv jvf K‡iwb| cieZ©xKv‡j cÖ_g evsjv
fvlvq Dcb¨vm iPbv K‡ib GK AevOvwj n¨vbv K¨v_vwib gy¨‡jÝ
ÔdzjgwbÕ I ÔKiæYvi weeiYÕ (1852) iPbvi ga¨ w`‡q| Aciw`‡K, evOvwj
KZ©„K iwPZ cÖ_g evsjv Dcb¨vm n‡jv, c¨vixPuv` wgÎ KZ„©K iwPZ
ÔAvjv‡ji N‡ii `yjvjÕ (1858)| hw`I G Dcb¨vmwUI mv_©K Dcb¨v‡mi
gh©v`v cvqwb| Gici evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ mv_©K Dcb¨vm iPbv Ki‡jb
ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq Zuvi Ô`y‡M©kbw›`bxÕ (1865) iPbvi gva¨‡g|
evsjv Dcb¨vm Av‡jvi gyL †`L‡jv| ZrcieZ©x Dcb¨vm iPwqZviv n‡jb
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi, kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq, gvwbK e‡›`vcva¨vq, AvjvDÏxb Avj
 bvUK I cÖnmb:
bvU¨mvwnZ¨ A‡bK cÖvPxb n‡jI evsjv bvU¨avivq AvaywbKZv Av‡bb
gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë| evsjv fvlvq cÖ_g †gŠwjK bvUK iwPZ nq ZvivPiY
wmK`v‡ii iwPZ Ôf`ªvRy©bÕ (1852)| wKš‘ gvB‡Kj 1859 mv‡j
Ôkg©xôvÕ bvUK iPbvi gva¨‡g evsjvfvlvq cÖ_g mv_©K I AvaywbK
bvU‡Ki m~ÎcvZ NUv‡jb| evsjv bvU‡K Uªv‡RwWi cÖ_g cÖ‡Póv
†hv‡M›`ªP›`ª ¸ß Zuvi ÔKxwZ©wejv‡miÕ gva¨‡g Ki‡Z PvB‡jI gvB‡Kj
ÔK…òKzgvixÕ (1861) iPbvi gva¨‡g mv_©K Uªv‡RwWi gva¨‡g
m~ÎcvZ NUv‡jb| GQvov gvB‡Kj HwZnvwmK, †ivgvw›UK I
Uªv‡RwW bvU‡Ki c_cÖ`k©K| cÖ_g gymwjg bvU¨Kviiv n‡jb gxi
gkviid †nv‡mb ÔRgx`vi `c©bÕ (1873)| cieZ©x avivi evsjv bvU¨Kvi
n‡jb ivgbvivqb ZK©iZœ, w؇R›`ªjvj ivq, iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi, gb¥_
ivq,KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg, ˆmq` IqvjxDjøvn, gybxi †PŠayix, Drcj `Ë,
†mwjg Avj `xb cÖgyL e¨w³eM©| evsjv cÖnmb iPbviI m~ÎcvZ gvB‡K‡ji
 †QvUMí:
evsjv M`¨m„wói ci †_‡K Dcb¨v‡mi cvkvcvwk bvbv ai‡bi Mí iwPZ n‡jI evsjv
†QvUMí mvwn‡Z¨i KwbôZg mšÍvb| ew¼gP‡›`ªi ÔhyMjv½yixqÕ (1874) I
ÔivavivbxÕ (1875) MÖ‡š’i g‡a¨ †QvUM‡íi cÖqvm †`Lv †M‡jI Zv c~Y©Zv
cvqwb| AvK…wZ‡Z †QvU n‡jI †mUv wQj Dcb¨vmag©x| iex›`ªbv‡_i nv‡ZB
evsjv †QvUM‡íi mv_©KZv iƒcjvf K‡i‡Q| g~jZ Ô‡`bvcvIbvÕ MíwUB evsjv
mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g mv_©K †QvUMí| hw`I Zuvi cÖ_g iwPZ Mí wQj ÔwfLvwibxÕ
(1874)| cieZ©xKv‡j G avivi †QvUMí †jL‡Kiv n‡jb kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq,
PviæP›`ª e‡›`vcva¨vq ivR‡kLi emy, †cÖ‡g›`ª wgÎ, ejvBPuv` gy‡Lvcva¨vq, ˆmq`
gynZev Avjx, nvmvb AvwRRyj nK cÖgyL|
 cÖeÜmvwnZ¨:
†Kvb wel‡qi Dci eyw× I hyw³wfwËK Av‡jvPbv n‡jv
cÖeÜ| Dwbk kZ‡Ki ØxwZqv‡a© evsjv cÖeÜ avivi
m~ÎcvZ| evsjv cÖe‡Üi cÖeZ©K ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq|
mgvR ms¯‹vi wel‡q cÖ_g †jLv‡jwL K‡ib| GQvov
cieZ©xKv‡j cÖeÜ †jLKiv n‡jb, Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi,
f~‡`e gy‡Lvcva¨vq, AÿqKzgvi `Ë, eix›`ªbv_ VvKzi, KvRx
bRiæj Bmjvg, †iv‡Kqv mvLvIqvZ †nvmb, cÖg_ †PŠayix,
Avn‡g` kixd cÖgyL|
ab¨ev`