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†jKPvi-1
 Dc¯’vcbvq:
wPb¥q Kzgvi gwjøK
cÖfvlK
evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨
Iqvì© BDwbfvwm©wU Ae
evsjv‡`k, XvKv
AvR‡Ki Av‡jvP¨ welq: evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖvPxb
hyM I ga¨hyM
 hyM wefvMt
1.cÖvPxb hyM (650-1200)

2.ga¨hyM (1201-1800), AÜKvi hyM (1201-

1350)

3.AvaywbK hyM (1801-eZ©gvb)

 cÖvPxb hyM (650-1200)
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g mvwnwZ¨K wb`k©b Ph©vc`| GwU 1907 mv‡j †bcv‡ji
ivRMÖš’Mvi †_‡K Avwe®‹vi K‡ib gnvg‡nvcva¨vq nicÖmv` kv¯¿x| Ph©vc` g~jZ
†eŠ×‡`i Mv‡bi msKjb| GUv‡K evsjv fvlvi cÖ_g wb`©kb wn‡m‡e g‡b Kiv nq| GUv‡K
A‡bK¸‡jv KweZvi msKjb wn‡m‡eI aiv nq| Avwe®‹…Z cyuw_wUi cÖvß c` n‡jv 51 wU
wKš‘ †Quov ev LwÛZ Ask ev` w`‡j cvIqv hvq mv‡o 46 wU| 23 Rb gZvšÍ‡i 24 Rb Kwe
GB Ph©vc‡`i c` iPbv K‡ib| GLv‡b (11 Zg) c`wU UxKvKvi KZ©„K e¨vL¨vZ nqwb Ges
(24, 25 I 48) msL¨K c` I (23 Zg) c‡`i †k‡li AskwU cvIqv hvqwb| Ph©vc‡`i fvlv n‡jv
mܨv ev mvܨ fvlv| GLv‡b cÖ_g c` iPbv K‡ib jyBcv wKš‘ m‡e©v”P 12 wU c` iPbv
Kvýcv| AvaywbK Q›` wePv‡i Ph©vc` gvÎve„Ë Q‡›` iwPZ| GB c`mg~n Avwe®‹v‡ii
gva¨‡g evsjv fvlvi Avw` ¯Í‡ii jÿY m¤ú‡K© AewnZ nIqv m¤¢e|
Ph©vc‡`i cÖ_g c`wU n‡jv-
Kv Av Ziæei cvÂwe Wvj|
PÂj PxG cBVv Kvj\ (jyBcv iwPZ)
AvaywbK evsjv t †kÖô Ziæ GB kixi, Zvi cuvPwU Wvj| PÂj wP‡Ë Kvj cÖ‡ek K‡i|
wPˇK `„p K‡i, gnvmyL cwigvY K‡i|
 Ph©vc‡`i bvbvgvwÎK we‡kølY:
1916 mv‡j nicÖmv` kv¯¿x Ph©vPh©wewbðq, mincv`, K…Âcv‡`i †`vnv Ges
WvKvY©i G PviwU cyuw_‡K GKÎ K‡i ÔnvRvi eQ‡ii cyivY evsjv fvlvq
†eŠ×Mvb I †`vnvÕ GB bv‡g MÖš’Kv‡i cÖKvk K‡ib| W. mybxwZKzgvi
P‡Ævcva¨vq GUvi fvlvZvwË¡K ˆewkó¨ wb‡q cÖ_g Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| Gici 1926
mv‡j fvlvZvwË¡K Av‡jvPbv K‡i cÖgvY K‡ib †h, Ph©vc` g~jZ evsjv fvlvq
iwPZ|
W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn& 1927 mv‡j Ph©vc‡`i ag©ZvwË¡K Av‡jvPbv I 1942
mv‡j mwVK cvV wbY©q K‡i AviI mnR K‡i †Zv‡jb|
Ph©vc‡`i KweMY bvbv †kÖwY‡ckvi †jvK wQ‡jb GKvi‡Y mgv‡Ri wewfbœ
w`K¸‡jv‡K Zuv‡`i iwPZ c‡`i gva¨‡g Zz‡j a‡iwQ‡jb| †hgb:
ÒUvjZ Ni †gvi bvwn ci‡elx
nvoxZ fvZ buvwn wbwZ Av‡ekx|Ó (33 msL¨K c`)
AvaywbK evsjv: wUjvi Dci Avgvi Ni †Kvb cÖwZ‡ewk †bB| nuvwo‡ZI fvZ
†bB Z‡e wbZ¨ AwZw_ Av‡m|
 AÜKvi hyM (1201-1350):
aviYv Kiv nq, G mgq hy× weMÖ‡ni Kvi‡Y
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ †Kvb mvwnZ¨ iwPZ nqwb| d‡j,
G mgqKvj‡K AÜKvi hyM ejv n‡”Q|
 ga¨hyM (1201-1800):
kÖxK„òKxZ©b Kve¨ : ga¨hy‡Mi cÖ_g Kve¨ n‡jv kÖxK„òKxZ©b Kve¨| GwUi
iPwqZv eo– PÛx`vm| hw`I PÛx`vm mgm¨v evsjv mvwnZ¨ GKUv we‡kl RvqMv `Lj
K‡i Av‡Q| kÖxK„òKxZ©b g~jZ fvMeZ, cyivY, MxZ‡Mvwe›` Gi cÖfvweZ
†jvKmgv‡R cÖPwjZ ivav-K…‡òi †cÖg m¤úwK©Z MÖvg¨ Mí| emšÍiÄb ivq
weØØjøf cwðge‡½i euvKyov †Rjvi KuvwKj¨v bvgK MÖv‡gi GK M„n‡¯’i A_©vr
†`‡e›`ªbv_ gy‡Lvcva¨v‡qi evwoi †MvqvjNi †_‡K 1909 mv‡j Ah‡Zœ, AiwÿZ Ae¯’vq
GwU Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| cyuw_wUi cÖ_g w`‡Ki `ywU cvZv Ges †k‡li cvZvwU wQ‡jv
bv| 1916 mv‡j emšÍiÄb ivq GwU e½xq mvwnZ¨ cwil` †_‡K MÖš’vKv‡i cÖKvk
K‡ib| G Kv‡e¨i iPbvKvj wb‡q M‡elK‡`i wfbœgZ _vK‡jI W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn&i
g‡Z, kÖxK„òKxZ©b Kve¨ 1340 †_‡K 1440 mv‡ji g‡a¨ iwPZ| GLv‡b cÖvq 418 wU
c` i‡q‡Q LwÛZ c`mn| G Kv‡e¨ me©‡gvU 13 wU LÛ Av‡Q Ges Kve¨wU‡Z bvUKxq
Dcv`vb we`¨gvb| GLv‡b ivavi †cÖ‡gi GK PgrKvi eY©bv Av‡Q-
ÒAvKzj kixi †gvi †eAvKzj gb|
euvkxi ke‡`u †gv AvDjvB‡juv ivÜb||Ó
AvaywbK evsjv t Avgvi kixi gb me AvKzj e¨vKyj n‡q hv‡”Q Zvi euvwki k‡ã, Avgvi
ivbœvI G‡jv‡g‡jv n‡q hv‡”Q|
 ˆeòi c`vejx:
ˆeòe c`vejx‡ZI ivavK…‡òi †cÖ‡gi Kvwnwb ewY©Z
n‡q‡Q Z‡e GLv‡b ivav-K…ò mvaviY bi-bvix bq GLv‡b
ivav-K…ò ewY©Z n‡q‡Q RxevZ¥v-cigvZ¥vi cÖZxK
wn‡m‡e| ivav n‡”Q RxevZ¥v Avi K…ò cigvZ¥v|
RxevZ¥vi mv‡_ cigvZ¥vi wPiKvjxb wgjbB ˆeòe c`vejxi
gyL¨ welq| ˆeòe c`vejxi iPwqZv n‡jb we`¨vcwZ, PÛx`vm,
Ávb`vm, †jvPb `vm, ˆmq` myjZvb, ˆmq` gyZ©Rv, †kL
dqRyjøvn&, Kgi Avjx cÖgyL| GB c`vejxUv eªReywj fvlvq
iwPZ nq|
 Rxebx mvwnZ¨:

ga¨hy‡Mi Ab¨Zg GKwU mvwnZ¨ aviv nj kÖx‰PZb¨‡`‡ei Rxebx mvwnZ¨|

GLv‡b kÖx‰PZb¨‡`e‡K wb‡qB ev Zuvi RxebK_v wb‡q ga¨hy‡M A‡bK
mvwnZ¨Kg© iwPZ n‡q‡Q| kÖx‰PZb¨‡`e 1486 mv‡ji 18 B †deªæqvwi
kwbevi beØx‡c Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib Ges 1533 mv‡j cyix‡Z gviv hvb| Zuvi
wcZv wm‡jU †Rjvi XvKv `wÿY MÖv‡gi Awaevmx wQ‡jb| wZwb wm‡jU
†_‡K beØx‡c hvb Ges kPx‡`ex‡K we‡q K‡ib| ˆPZb¨‡`‡ei evj¨ bvg wbgvB,
†Mviv ev †MŠiv½ mbœ¨vm MÖn‡Yi ci nb ˆPZb¨‡`e ˆPZb¨‡`‡ei
RxebxMÖš’‡K ejv nq KPov| GB ai‡bi mvwnZ¨ iPwqZv n‡jb e„›`veb`vm,
†jvPb`vm, Rqvb›`, K…ò`vm, †Mvwe›``vm cÖgyL|
 Abyev` mvwnZ¨:

Gici Abyev` mvwnZ¨| GLv‡b g~jZ ag©xq welq †_‡K Abyev` K‡i
evsjv fvlvq cvV Dc‡hvMx K‡i †Zvjv n‡q‡Q| GB †ÿ‡Î ms¯‹…Z,
Aviwe, dviwm fvlv †_‡K evsjvq Abyev` K‡i‡Qb ZLbKvi Kweiv|
†hgb : Kwe K…wËevm Ôms¯‹„Z evj¥xwK ivgvqbÕ †_‡K Abyev`
K‡i Ôevsjvq K…wËev‡mi ivgvqYÕ iPbv K‡i‡Qb, Ô†e`e¨v‡mi
gnvfviZÕ †_‡K Kex›`ª cig‡k¦i Ôevsjvq gnvfviZÕ †j‡Lb, ÔfvMeZ
cyivYÕ †_‡K gvjvai emy ÔkÖxK…òweRqÕ iPbv K‡ib|
ÔwKmvmyj Avw¤^qvÕ †_‡K ˆmq` myjZvb ÔbexeskÕ †j‡Lb|
ÔBDmyd Iqv RyjvBLvÕ †_‡K kvn gynv¤§` mMxi ÔBDmyd-
†Rv‡jLvÕ †j‡Lb| Ôjvqjv Iqv gRbyb& Õ †_‡K †`ŠjZ DwRi evnivg
Lvb ÔjvBjx gRbyÕ Ôc`ygveZÕ †_‡K AvjvIj ÔcÙeZxÕ iPbv K‡ib|
Gme n‡jv Abyev` mvwn‡Z¨i AšÍf©y³|
 g½j Kve¨:
wewfbœ †`e‡`exi e›`bv K‡i ag© welqK AvL¨vb Kve¨ wb‡q
g½jKve¨ iwPZ nq| Ôg½jÕ kãwUi AvwfavwbK A_© n‡jv
Kj¨vb| †h Kv‡e¨i Kvwnwb kÖeY Ki‡j g½j ev Kj¨vb nq
†mUv g½jKve¨| †cŠivwYK †kÖwYi g½jKve¨ ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ nj:
†MŠixg½j, `yM©vg½j, Abœ`vg½j, PwÛKvg½j cÖf…wZ|
Ab¨w`‡K †jŠwKK Kv‡e¨i g‡a¨: wkeg½j, gbmvg½j,
PwÛg½j, KvwjKvg½j, lôx g½j cÖf…wZ| G avivi Kwe‡`i
g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨: Kvbv nwi`Ë, bvivqb‡`e, †KZKv`vm,
gvwbK`Ë, gyKz›`ivg PµeZ©x, gqyifÆ, †Ljvivg PµeZ©x,
fviZP›`ª ivq¸YvKi cÖgyL|
 †ivgvw›UK cÖYv‡qvcvL¨vb:

†ivgvw›UK cÖY‡qvcvL¨vb nj ga¨hy‡Mi c‡bi-†lvj kZ‡Ki gymjgvb

Kwe‡`i Øviv iwPZ cÖYqKvwnwb| GLv‡b dviwm I wnw›` mvwnZ¨
†_‡K g~j DcKiY msMÖn K‡i evsjvq Abyev`K…Z †cÖgKvwnwb|
Z‡e, GLv‡b gvbweK w`KwUI cÖavb we‡eP¨ welq| G Kvwnwbi
†fZi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ BDmyd-‡Rv‡jLv, jvBjx-gRby, mZxgqbv-
‡jviP›`ªvbx, M`v-gwjøKv BZ¨vw`|
 Ab¨vb¨ mvwnZ¨:
†jvKmvwnZ¨ ej‡Z RbM‡Yi gy‡L gy‡L cÖPwjZ Muv_v,
Kvwnwb, Qov,Mvb, cÖev` BZ¨vw`‡K †evSvq| G¸‡jv †Kvb
GKK e¨w³i m„wó bq| msnZ mgv‡Ri mvgwMÖK m„wó| Gi
Dcv`vbmg~n mgv‡Ri cwi‡ek †_‡K M„nxZ| evsjvi
†jvKmvwn‡Z¨ g~jZ evOvwji Rxeb cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q|
†jvKmvwn‡Z¨i g‡a¨ Qov, †jvKMxwZ, bv_ MxwZKv,
gqgbwmsn MxwZKv, c~e©e½ MxwZKv, iƒcK_v, eªZK_v,
DcK_v, auvav, cÖev` GmKj AšÍfy©³|
GiKg bvbv K‡g©i gva¨‡g cÖvPxb I ga¨hy‡Mi mgvwß N‡U‡Q|
†`Lv w`‡q‡Q evsjv mvwnZ¨ MM‡Y AvaywbKZvi Dlv| fviZP›`ª
ivq¸YvK‡ii gva¨‡g evsjv Kve¨avivq AvaywbKZvi ¯^iƒc
D‡b¥vwPZ nq| ga¨hy‡Mi †kl I AvaywbK hy‡Mi ïiæi avivi GK
gvbweKZvi Av‡jv‡K g½jKve¨aviv A_©vr Abœ`vg½j Kve¨ iPbv
K‡i fviZP›`ª ivq¸YvKi behy‡Mi m~Pbv Ki‡jb| G Kvi‡Y Zuv‡K
hyMmwÜÿ‡Yi KweI ejv nq| cieZ©x‡Z ag©wbf©i mvwnZ¨aviv
†_‡K †ewi‡q G‡m mvwnZ¨Kiv gvbweKZvi Av‡jvq D™¢vwmZ
n‡q behy‡Mi m~Pbv K‡i| mvwnZ¨aviv bZzb MwZi c‡_ nuvU‡Z
_v‡K| †`Lv †`qv †mvbvwj m~h©|
ab¨ev`