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DENTURE BASE RESINS

PRESENTED BY GUIDED BY
Dr. AMIT DANGRE Dr. ASHISTARU SAHA
1ST Yr PG PROSTHODONTICS Dr. TUSHAR TANWANI 2
Dr. NEHA AGRAWAL
Dr. AMIT AGRAWAL
 DENTURE :- Replacement of the natural teeth in the
arch and their associated parts by artificial substitutes. (Acc
to GPT)

A dental prosthesis which replaces the entire

dentition and associated structures of the maxilla and
mandible.(Acc to GPT)

Types
1)Partial or complete
2)Fixed or removable

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 Denture base :- It is that part of the denture
which rest on the oral mucosa and to which teeth
are attached.

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 CLASSIFICATION OF DENTURE BASE MATERIAL

II. Denture base Materials

Temporary Permanent
e.g. Self cure acrylics e.g.Heat cure denture resins
Shellac base plate Light cured resins
Base plate wax Pour type resins
Injection moulded resins
Metallic bases

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Ideal requirements of dental resins

1) It should be tasteless,odourless,nontoxic and nonirritant

to oral tissues.

2) It should be aesthetically satisfactory, i.e. Should be

transperent or translucent and easily pigmented.The colour
should be permanent.

3) It should be dimensionally stable.

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4) It should have adequate strength, resilience and abrasion
resistance.

5) It should be insoluble and impermeable to oral fluids.

6) Chemically stable

7) Its softening temperature should be well above the

temperature of any hot foods or liquids taken in the mouth.

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 8) It should be easy to fabricate and repair.

9) It should have good thermal conductivity.

10) It should be radiopaque.

11) Adhesion to plastics, metals, and porcelain

No resin has yet been found that will meet all the above
requirements.

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 ACRYLIC RESINS

Acrylic resins are derives of ethylene and contain a

vinyl group in their structural formula.

In 1937AD PMMA was introduced in dentistry as a

denture base resin by Dr.Walter Wright and Vernon
brothers, Philadeiphia,USA.
The acrylic resins used in dentistry are the esters of:
1) Acrylic acid, CH2=CHCOOH
2) Methacrylic acid, CH2=C(CH3)COOH.
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 POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE)
RESIN
These are widely used in dentistry to fabricate various
appliances.

Reasons to choose (PMMA) polymer is its availability,

dimentional stability, handling characteristics, colour and
biocompatibility with oral tissue.

Although , it is a thermoplastic resin , in dentistry it is not

usually molded by thermoplastic means.

Rather , the liquid (monomer) methylmethacrylate is mixed

with the polymer (powder).
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The monomer plasticizes the polymer to a doughlike

consistency which is easily moulded.
 TYPES
ADA SPECIFICATION NO.12 FOR DENTURE BASE RESINS

Type 1- Heat polymerizable polymers

Type 2- Autopolymerizable polymers

Type 3- Thermoplastic blank or powder

Type 4- Light activated materials

Type 5 – Microwave-cured materials


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 HEAT ACTIVATED DENTURE BASE
ACRYLIC RESINS
Mode of supply
Available as:
1. Powder and liquid
2. Gels-sheets and cake

The powder may be transperent or tooth coloured or

pink coloured.

The liquid is supplied in tightly sealed amber coloured

bottles .
Commercial names: E.g. Stellon (DPI)
Luiciton(Bayer)
Trevelon (Dentsply)
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COMPOSITION

Liquid
Methyl methacrylate : Major constituent

Dibutyl pthalate : Plasticizer

Glycol dimethacrylate(2-14%) : Cross-linking agent

Hydroquinone(0.003-.01%) : Inhibitor-prevents setting

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 Powder
Poly methyl methacrylate : Major constituent
other copolymers – 5%

Benzoyl peroxide : Initiator

Compounds of mercuric
Sulphide, cadmium sulphide : Dyes

Zinc or titanium oxide : Opacifiers

Dibutyl phthalate : Plasticizer

Dyed organic filler & inorganic : For esthetics

particles like glass fibres or beads 14
 POLYMERIZATION REACTION

Polymerization is achieved by application of heat and pressure. The

simplified reaction is :

Powder Liquid Heat Polymer Heat

(Polymer) (Monomer) (External) (Reaction)

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 TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS

Complete or partial dentures are usually fabricated by one

of the following techniques.

 Compression moulding technique

 Injection moulding technique

 Fluid resin technique

 Visible light curing technique

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 CREATION OF MOULD SPACE

The trial denture base is fabricated on the master cast

formed for the accurate definitive impression.

A temporary denture base is fabricated over this occlusal

rims are attached.

Jaw relation is taken and transferred from the patient to

the articulator.

Try in done.

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 After that finished trial denture verification, the denture is
ready for acrylization.

The finished denture trial denture is sealed to the master

cast , using dental gypsum product. It is invested in a dental flask.

Once the gypsum hardens, the flask is placed in a dewaxing

unit to remove the wax.

The flask is then opened and the residual wax is eliminated

with boiling water to prevent contamination of the denture base
material with a wax raminants.

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 A) The complete
denture is sealed to the cast,placed in
the dental flask,and invested with dental
gypsum

Once the gypsum sets, the

wax is eliminated by placing
the flask in the hot water bath

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B) The elimination of wax creats the mould. The mould is flushed
further with hot water to remove any wax residual.
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 APPLICATION OF SEPERATING MEDIA

c) cold mould seal is applied on the investment and

the cast, generally 2 coats in succession are applied. 22
Saperating media
Types of separating media
 Tin foil
 Cellulose lacquers
 Solution of alginate compound
 Sodium silicate
 Soft soaps
 starches
Sodium Alginate (cold mold seal) is most
widely used as a saperating media.
Composition:- Sodium alginate in water,glycerine,alcohol,sodium
phosphate and preservatives.
Usually two coats of separating media are painted on the
gypsum cast as well as the investing material that is left to dry.
coting of medium should not be left on the teeth.

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Manipulation of the resin polymer/monomer ratio (P/M) :

P/M ratio – 3/1 by volume

Volumetric shrinkage approximately 6-7%

Linear shrinkage 0.2-1%

excess monomer results in higher level of polymerised shrinkage.

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The monomer and the polymer are dispenced in a clean
porcelain jar with a lid and mixed thoroughly.

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Physical changes during polymerization
1)Sandy stage

A) The initial mixing of the polymer with monomer makes the mix
appear coarse or grainy/ sand like with no molecular level
interaction 26
2)Stringy stage

B)Surface penetration of the polymer beads by the monomer makes

the mass string out; this occurs due to uncoiling of the polymer
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3) Doughlike

c)With onset of the chemical interaction , a large number of polymer

beads further dissolve in the monomer , producing a workable ,
nonsticky , doughlike , mass 28
4) Rubbery or elastic

D)The material is ideally packed at dough stage into the mold

for compression molding. If the mix is not packed in dough
stage, the monomer is lost by evaporation with insufficient 29
amount left for interacting with the remaining polymer beads.
5)Stiff stage

The resulting mix is elastic and cannot be molded. If the material is

not activated , further evaporation of free monomer leads to a dry ,
stiff material which is resistant to deformation.
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Packing of acrylic resin
The placement and adaptation of denture base resin within the
mold cavity is termed packing.

It is essential that mold cavity be properly filled at the time of

polymerization.

The placement of too much material , i.e “overpacking” leads to a

denture base that exhibits excessive thickness and resultant
malpositioning of prosthesis teeth.

Conversely use of too little material, i.e “underpacking” leads to

noticeable denture base porosity.

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E1) The mix reaches the dough stage,the material is kneaded with
the help of wet cellophane sheet.
E2) The material is then placed within the mold space of the flask
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F1) The mold is overfilled with the acrylic , which is subsequently
removed by trial closure until minimum or no flash is evident.
F2) A sharp scalpel is preferred to cut away the flash.
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Polymerization

To complete the polymerization reaction of heat activated

resin, the packed denture flask is heated under controlled time and
temperature.

The conventional source of heat is the water bath.

Curing cycle :- Curing cycle denotes the systematic method of

application of external energy in the form of heat/light to enable
curing of the PMMA resin mass following mixing of the monomer
and polymer.

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The two stages involved in curing cycle for compresion molding
method are bench and heat curing.

Bench curing :
This is done at room temperature for 30-60 min after
packing.

The purpose of this procedure is equalization of pressure

and uniform displacement of monomer, thereby ensuring a better
bond between the acrylic teeth and the denture base.

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G) The flask is transferred to a hydraulic bench press which
maintain the flask under compression for about 30 min for bench
curing to take place, during which the monomer completely dissolve
the polymer. 36
Heat curing :-
This is done by placing the packed detal flask in a boiling
water bath .

Three curing cycle may followed;

a) 74 degree C for 8 hrs

b) 74 degree C for 8 hrs followed by 100 degree C for 1 hr

c) 74 degree C for 2 hrs followed by 100 degree C for 1 hr

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H) For the curing to be completed, the flask is placed in controlled
water bath.On completion of the process , the denture is retrived
from the flask and finished and polished. 38
 INJECTION MOLDING TECHNIQUE

Pryor (1942) developed the injection molding technique as an

alternative to minimize the dimensional inaccuracies of compression
molding technique.

In 1970 , Ivoclar company Introduce a special resin for injection

molding.

Injection molding techniques result in fewer dimensional

inaccuracies and polymerization shrinkage than conventional
processing techniques.

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PROCEDURE
The injection mold technique requires a specifically designed flask.
The flask consist of two accurately approximating parts.

A)Waxed up maxillary denture is invested

in one half of the dental flask.
Note the wax sprues attached to the
denture that provide an inlet for
the resin mix(yellow).
This is attached to the denture
that provide an inlet for the resin mix.

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B) Silicone investment material is applied over the waxed-up denture to 41
preserve the carving and characterization of the denture, after which the
other half of the flask is approximated and invested.
 C) The flask is dewaxed to create the mold space, care being taken
to ensure complete removal of wax without dislodgement of the teeth
(C1).
C2) Both the halves of the flask are approximated and clamped
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tightly.
The liquid monomer in the black container from injection
molding cartige(D1) is added to the powder(D2).
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To obtain a uniform homogenous mix,the cartidge is
activated in the vibrator (E1). The plunger is then
inserted into the cartridge.(E2) 44
F) The cartridge is fixed firmly into the flask assembly and
connected to the carrier, which exerts continuous pressure on the45
plunger, allowing the resin to flow into the flask and maintain the
pressure throughout the polymerization procedure .
The packed assembly is then placed in a water bath at a constant
temperature to complete the polymerization process.On completion
of the process , the denture is retrived from the flask and finished46
and polished.
CHEMICALLY CURED RESINS

The chemically activated acrylic resin polymerize at room

temperature . They also known as ‘self-cure’ , ‘cold cure’ or ‘Auto-
polymerizing’ resin.

In cold cure acrylic resins, the chemical initiator benzoyl

peroxide is activated by another chemical (dimethyl para toludine
which is present in the monomer), instead of heat as in heat cure
resin. Thus polymerization is achieved at room temperature.

Available as

Powder and liquid

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 COMPOSITION

Liquid

Methyl methacrylate monomer : dissolves polymer

Dimethyl-p-toludine : Activator

Dibutyl pthalate : Plasticizers

Glycol dimethacrylate 1-2% : Cross linking agent

Hydroquinone : Inhibitor

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 Powder
Poly methyl methacrylate : Dissolved by monomer to
form dough
other copolymers – 5%

Benzoyl peroxide : Initiator

Compounds of mercuric
Sulphide, cadmium sulphide : Dyes

Zinc or titanium oxide : Opacifiers

Dibutyl phthalate : Plasticizer

Dyed organic filler & inorganic : For esthetics

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particles like glass fibres or beads
 POLYMERIZATION REACTION

The simplified reaction is :

Powder(polymer) Liquid(Monomer) Polymer Heat

(Peroxide initiator) (Amine (Reaction)
accelerator)

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 ADVANTAGES
1) Ease of manipulation
2) Less shrinkage
3) Greater dimentional accuracy

DISADVANTAGES
4) Incomplete polymerization
5) Decrease strength
6) Tissue irritation from residual monomer
7) Poor colour stability

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 MANIPULATION

Sprinkle on technique
Powder(Polymer), liquid(monomer) are added onto the cast
which has been already treated by saperating medium.

The powder is sprinkled on the cast and monomer is is added

untill the desired thickness obtained.

To improve the strength of constructed prosthesis, the resin

can further be cured in hot water under pressure for around 20 min
in a pressure pot.

The advantage of this technique are better adaptation and ease

of fabrication.
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 Hand adapted dough technique

Powder and liquid are proportioned and mixed in a porcelain

jar.
When the mix reaches the dough stage , it is immediately
placed between two glass slabs , removed and adapted over the cast,
and manually molded quickly to the desired shape.

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 Fluid/ Pour Type Resin

A special resin is available for this technique.

The chemical composition of the pour-type of denture resin is

similar to the poly methyl methacrylate materials.
The principal difference is that the pour type of denture
resins have high molecular weight powder particles that are much
smaller and when they mixed with the monomer, the resulting mix is
very fluid.
Therefore, they are reffered as ‘fluid resins’. They are used
with a significantly lower powder liquid ratio, i.e it ranges from 2:1
to 2.5:1. this makes easier to mix and pour.
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 Method of flasking and curing

Agar hydrocollide is used for the mold preparation in place of the

usual gypsum.The fluid is mix is quickly poured into the mold and
allowed to polymerize under pressure at 0.1-0.2 MPa . Thirty to
fourty five minutes of processing is required for polymerization.

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 ADVANTAGES

No trial packing needed

Less time for fabrication

Low water sorbtion

Simpified deflasking

Problem of broken teeth are eliminated

Agar mold material can be reused

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 DISADVANTAGES

 High polymerization shrinkage

 Dimensionally inaccurate

 Low impact strength

 High creep value

 High solubility

 Lower flexural / bend strength

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 LIGHT ACTIVATED RESIN
Light activated resin supplied as premixed sheets or ropes in light
proof pouches.
This material with clay like consistency are packed in light proof
pouches to avoid premature polymerization.

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 TECHNIQUE

Step 1:- Fabrication of denture base

A thin layer of pliable material is adapted on to the
master cast. This is polymerized to a hard set in a light chamber
without teeth to be used as a base plate.

Step 2 :- Completion of the denture

Teeth are attached to the base plate with additional
material and the anatomy of the polished surface is sculptured
accordingly.
Once the sculpturing is complete , the denture is placed
once again in the light chamber with blue light 400-500 nm from
intensity quartz-halogen chamber for polymerization. Then the
denture base is finished and polished by the regular method. 59
 ADVANTAGES

Less porosity

Fabricationand final adjustments can be done in mouth due to

extended working time

Light weight

No allergic reaction, non toxic

Reduced polymerization shrinkage

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 DISADVANTAGES

Cannot be packed in flask and requires high artistic skills

Technique sensitive, depth of curing depends on the light

intensity , angle of illumination and distance of light source from the
resin

Time consuming

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 RECENT ADVANCES

High Impact Strength resins

Rapid heat polymerized acrylic

Light activated denture base material (Describe earlier)

Pour type acrylic resins(describe earlier)

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 HIGH IMPACT STENGTH MATERIALS

The polymer is blended with rubbery inclusions such as

butadiene-styrene rubber-reinforced poly methyl methacrylate.

The rubber particles are grafted to methyl methacrylate so

that they will bond well to the heat polymerized acrylic matrix.

This are High impact resins

These materials are supplied in a powder-liquid form and

are processed in the same way as other heat-accelerated methyl
methacrylate material.
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 Rapid heat- polymerized resins

These are hybrid acrylics that are polymerized in boiling

water immediately after being packed into a denture flask.

After being placed into the boiling water,the water is

brought back to a full boil for 20 minutes(reverse cure). After the
usual bench cooling to room temperature, the denture is deflasked,
trimmed , and polished in the usual manner.

The initiator is formulated to allow for rapid

polymerization without the porosity that one might expect.

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 Microwave Polymerized PMMA

Microwave energy may also be used to polymerize PMMA resin.

Nishil in the year 1968 demonstrated the use of microwave

energy to polymerize denture base resin using a 400 watt over 2.5
minutes.

Special nonmetallic polycarbonate or fibre-reinforced plastic

flasks are used instead of metallic flask, as microwave will reflect from
surface.

The microwave provides the required thermal energy for

polymerization reaction.

supplied as
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Powder-liquid system similar to conventional resin.
 ADVANTAGES

Drastic reduction in curing time

Minimal residual monomer ratio

Good colour stability

Good
denture based adaptation and stable
ADVANTAGES

Drastic reduction in curing time

Minimal residual monomer ratio

Good colour stability 66

Good denture based adaptation and stable

 DISAVANTAGES

Poor bonding to denture teeth

Increase porosity

Expensive flask

Poor durability of flask

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Soft /flexible dentures

Initially acetal. A fluoropolymer, was used. Nylon based

plastics(polyamide) is commonly used these days .
Elastomeric resins with semi crystalline nylon
composition are also added to resin polymer to enhanced the
flexibility of the denture.

Indications

Partial dentures,bases, and relines, in case with bilateral

inoperable undercuts when preprosthetic surgery is contraindicated.

patient with allergic to acrylic monomers.

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 ADVANTAGES

 It can be built quite thin and can form the denture base and the
clasp as well. This can be attributed to its high flexibility and impact
resistance.

It resist movements and pressure from clamps, Hence may

prevents reccurent sore spots.

Ithas superior esthetics due to its transparency and is non allergic

owing to its good solvent resistance

Ithas no biological material buildup or odours or stain and good

dimentional stability.

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 DISADVANTAGES

It can not be used as a complete dentures,since the same

flexibility is not advantageous here.This is because retentive
peripherel seal can be broken in function.

It is also difficult to use in cases where interridge space is less

as bulk of tooth is essential for mechanical retention

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 CONCLUSION

A widely used polymer in dentistry is acrylic resin.

The choice of material should be based on the purpose , properties, and the
practicality of the clinical situation in hand .

PMMAs ,though they do not fulfil all the requirements of an ideal denture base
material, are widely used due to their accepted esthetic, physical, and mechanical
properties, ease of use ,and biocompatibility.

The recent advancement include incorporation of plasticizers to condition abused

tissue of the oral cavity or as a surgical stent postoperatively.

Technological advancements have been introduced in the processing to reduce the

residual monomer and reinforce them with metal or glass fibre.
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