DIFFERENT TYPES of

RESEARCH
GENERAL FORMS of RESEARCH
•These forms define the purpose &
approach of the study:
1.SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
2.RESEARCH IN THE HUMANITIES
3.ARTISTIC RESEARCH
1. SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
-Method that seeks to explain naturally occurring phenomena
and the natural world by generating credible theories
-A systematic process that involves formulating hypotheses,
testing predictions using relevant data and finally coming up
with a theory.
-This study requires rational and statistical evidence to draw
conclusions
-Ex: topics on viral diseases, climate and weather conditions, etc
2. RESEARCH IN THE HUMANITIES
-seeks to define the purpose of human existence
by tapping into historical facts and future
possibilities
- Derive explanations from human experiences that
cannot be simply measured by facts and figures
alone
- Ex: looking into the lives of WORLD WAR II survivors
3. ARTISTIC RESEARCH
- Provides alternative approaches to established
concepts by conducting practical methods as
substitutes for fundamental and theoretical ones
- Purpose is to expound on the current accepted
concepts and open them to further interpretation
- Generates new knowledge through artistic
practices such as defining new concepts, creating
new processes and devising new methods
 RESEARCH DESIGN
- Enables the researcher to organize the components
of his or her research in an orderly and coherent
manner
- Ensures that the research or study will effectively
address the research topic or problem.
- Template for the collection, measurement and
analysis of data
- Comes after identifying the research problem
ADVANTAGES of a well-developed RESEARCH
DESIGN
1. Clearly identify and describe the research problem or topic
2. Review and synthesize previous studies and literature
related to the topic
3. Clearly identify hypotheses significant to the problem
4. Determine the data necessary to test the hypotheses and
explain how the data will be obtained
5. Describe the methods of analysis that will be used on the
data gathered in order to evaluate the hypotheses of the
study
Samples of RESEARCH DESIGNS:
1.ACTION RESEARCH 8.LONGITUDINAL
2.CAUSAL DESIGN 9.SEQUENTIAL
3.DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN 10. MIXED-METHOD
4.EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
5.EXPLORATORY DESIGN
6.COHORT DESIGN
7.CROSS-SECTIONAL
1. ACTION RESEARCH
- Follows a cyclical process
- First: The problem is identified
- Second: A PLAN of ACTION is determined to address it.
- Third: The action plan is implemented and data is gathered to
determine the effects of the implementation
- Fourth: The data gathered during the implementation phase is
analyzed and evaluated in order to gain a better
understanding of the problem and determine the
effectiveness of the solution implemented.
- Pragmatic and is solution-driven: any information gathered is
used to identify and implement a solution to the problem.
- Appropriate for community-based situations
- Requires the researcher to directly relate with his/her
subjects and the community

Changes in classroom practice, effects of program

• SAMPLE TOPIC:

restructuring, new understanding of students, teacher skills and

competencies
2. CAUSAL DESIGN
- Explores how a specific change impacts a certain
situation
- Employs hypotheses that seek to establish a cause-and-
effect relationship between variables

Students’ poor performance in MATH

Sample topics:

School’s intervention in students’ abusive use of

social media
3. DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN
- Answers WHO, WHAT, WHEN, WHERE, and HOW
questions related to particular research problem
- Used to obtain information about the present
situation to gain an understanding of a certain
phenomena
SAMPLE TOPIC/S:
tracking changes in social attitudes among GEN-Zers from 2022-2032
4. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
- Researcher controls the factors and variable
related to a certain phenomena and tries to
change or manipulate one or several factors
to determine the possible effects
on human diseases; finding a cure or vaccine;
SAMPLE TOPICS:
nuclear fusion and fission; electromagnetics,
5. EXPLORATORY DESIGN
- Focuses on topics or problems which have had little or
no studies done about them
- Purpose is to gain information and insight that can be
used for later researches esp on identifying the method
or approach to use for a certain topic or problem

a role of social networking sites as effective

Sample topic/s:
marketing communication channel
6. COHORT DESIGN
- Identifies a group of people sharing common characteristics
who are then studied for a period of time
- Researcher seeks to identify how these groups are affected by
certain factors or changes and relates the information
gathered to the research topic or problem

assessing the impact of sun exposure on skin

Sample topic/s:
damage in beach volleyball players
7. Cross-sectional design
- looks into a large group of people, composed of
individuals with varied characteristics
- Researcher seeks to determine how these individuals
are affected by a certain variable or change and
gathers data at a specific period of time

SAMPLE TOPIC/S: a
medical study examining the prevalence of cancer
amongst a defined population; understanding the spending habits of a
certain age group
8. Longitudinal design
- Follows a group of people over a long period of time.
- Observations are made on the groups to track changes over
time and identify factors that may have caused them
- Explores causal relationships over time and determines how
long these relationships last and the extent of their effects on
the group being studied
Sample topic/s: the 1970 British Cohort Study which has
collected data on the lives of 17,000 Brits since their births in
1970
9. SEQUENTIAL DESIGN
- Carried out in stages to gather sufficient data to test the
hypothesis
- Often combined with a cohort or cross-sectional study as it
identifies specific groups for each stage
- At the end of each stage, the data is collected and
evaluated.
- Technically a display of “trial and error” where each
stage can be an indicator whether to continue the study or
not
10. MIXED-METHOD design
- Combines aspects of various research designs
and methods
- Primarily combines qualitative and
quantitative research methods to gain a
complete picture of the research problem
and gather data that will fully determine the
validity of the hypotheses.
 QUALITATIVE &
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS
• Two broad categories of research methodology
• The research method determines the approach the researcher takes in
identifying relevant data for the research and collecting and analyzing
the information gathered in the research.
• Choosing between the two will affect the components of the research:
 QUALITATIVE – discuss and analyze the underlying concepts and
theories related to the research topic
QUANTITATIVE – use statistical data to provide an explanation of the
phenomenon
 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
- Defined as the naturalistic method of inquiry of
research which deals with the issue of the human
complexity by exploring it directly
- Puts emphasis on human complexity and man’s
ability to decide and create his/her own
experience : ANALYSIS OF THE EXPERIENCES of
the INDIVIDUAL
- Materials are narrative and subjective
- Focuses on gaining insights and understanding about an
individual’s perception and interpretation of events
- Collects data through methods like interviews and
participative observation
- The researcher here is not limited by existing theories
but is rather open-minded to new ideas and points of
views. Also, he/she does not have to concerned with
numbers and complicated statistical analyses.
 QUALITATIVE vs. QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
1. Aims to characterize trends and
patterns
2. Usually starts with neither a theory nor 2. Usually concerned with generating
hypothesis about the relationship
between two or more variables
3. Uses structured research instruments
like questionnaires or schedules
4. Uses large sample sizes that are
representatives of the population
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
1. Involves processes, feelings and
motives (the why’s and the how’s) and
the produces in-depth and holistic data
hypothesis from data rather than testing a
hypothesis
3. Uses either unstructured or semi-
structured instruments
4. Uses small sample sizes chosen
purposely
 QUALITATIVE vs. QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
5. High output replicability 5. High validity

6. Used to gain greater understanding of 6. Used to gain greater understanding of

group similarities individual differences in terms of
feelings, motives and experiences
7. Uses structured process 7. Uses more flexible processes

8. Methods include census, survey, 8. Methods include field research, case

experiments and secondary analysis study and secondary analysis
CHARACTERISTICS of QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
1.It is conducted in a systematic and rigorous way. Hence,
more flexible that quantitative research.
2.It follows and iterative process, meaning data collection
and analysis occur simultaneously. Data already
collected are updated by ongoing data collection.
3.It focuses on gathering information from people who
can provide the richest insights into the phenomenon or
interest.
CHARACTERISTICS of QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH

4. Collection of data is continuous until

saturation or when it reaches the point where
no information is revealed with respect to the
key themes emerging from the data.
5. It examines everyday life in its natural
context or in an uncontrolled naturalistic
setting.
VALUE of QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

- Provides context and meaning by easily

collecting and analyzing information
- Completes the WHO, WHAT, WHEN & WHERE
by delving into the WHY and the HOW
- Explores the narrowly-defined issues in
greater depth, explaining the setting in
which behavior can take place
VALUE of QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

- Comes from its focus on the lived experience

of the participants which enabled
development of greater understanding
concerning the outcomes that are important,
relevant and meaningful to the people
involved
 COMMON TYPES of QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
1. PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDY
2. ETHNOGRAPHIC
3. HISTORICAL
4. CASE STUDY
5. GROUNDED THEORY STUDY
6. NARRATIVE ANALYSIS
7. CRITICAL QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
8. POSTMODERN RESEARCH
9. BASIC INTERPRETATIVE QUALITATIVE STUDY
 1. PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDY

- Seeks to find the essence or structure of an experience by explaining how

complex meanings are built out of simple units of inner experience
- Examines human experience through the descriptions provided by subjects or
respondents
- Goal is to describe the meaning that experiences hold for each subject
- Humanness, self-determination, uniqueness, wholeness and individualism

EXAMPLE: What are common experiences encountered by a person with a spouse who is
undergoing rehabilitation?
 2. ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDY
- Involves the collection and analysis of data about cultural groups or minorities
- The researcher immerses with the people and becomes a part of their culture.
- He/she becomes involved in the everyday activities of the subjects and gets
to empathize with the cultural groups experiencing issues and problems in
their everyday lives.
- Main purpose is the development of cultural theories

- EXAMPLE: What is the demographic profile and migratory adaptations of squatter

families in Barangay Cutcut, Angeles City?
 3. HISTORICAL STUDY
- Concerned with the identification, location, evaluation and synthesis
of data from past events
- Also involves relating the past events’ implications to the present and
future time
- Sources of data include: documents, relics & artifacts & oral
reports

- EXAMPLE: What were the roles of women in the Katipunan?

 4. CASE STUDY
- An in-depth examination of an individual, groups of people or an institution
- Purposes: gain insights into a little-known problem, provide background data
for broader studies & explain socio-pyshological and socio-cultural processes
- Also involves a comprehensive and extensive examination of a particular
individual, group or situation over time
- Provides information on where to draw conclusions about the impact of a
significant event in a person’s life

EXAMPLE: How do cancer survivors look at life?

 5. GROUNDED THEORY STUDY
- This method involves comparing collected units of data against one
another until categories, properties and hypotheses that state
relations between these categories and properties emerge.
- Hypotheses are tentative and suggestive and are not tested in the
study

EXAMPLE: The school counselors were given structured interviews to help

determine how their professional identity is formed.
 6. NARRATIVE ANALYSIS
- Main sources of data for this type of research are the life
accounts of individuals based on their personal experiences
- Purpose of study is to extract meaningful context from these
experiences
- Types: PSYCHOLOGICAL, BIOGRAPHICAL,
DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
 6. NARRATIVE ANALYSIS
a. Psychological – involves analyzing the story in
terms of internal thoughts & motivations
b. Biographical – takes the individual’s society and
factors like gender and class into account
c. Discourse analysis – studies the approach in which
language is used in texts and contexts
 7. CRITICAL QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
- Seeks to bring about change and empower
individuals by describing and critiquing the
social, cultural and psychological perspectives
on present-day contexts

- EXAMPLE: highlighting corruption and its causes

8. POSTMODERN RESEARCH

-Seeks to analyze the facts that have

been established as truths, the
ability of research and science to
discover truth and all
generalizations and typologies
 ETHICS in RESEARCH
1.Ethics promotes the pursuit of knowledge,
truth and credibility. It also fosters values
that are essential to collaborative work.
Research often involves a great deal of
cooperation and coordination among people in
different fields or disciplines. The values
include trust, accountability, mutual respect
and fairness.
 ETHICS in RESEARCH
2. Many of the ethical norms
ensure that researchers are
held accountable to the
public.
 ETHICS in RESEARCH
3. Adherence to ethical principles help
build support for research. People are
more likely to fund research studies that
promote a variety of important moral and
social values such as social responsibility,
human rights, animal welfare and health
and safety.
Ethical codes and policies for research
1. Honesty
2. Objectivity
3. Integrity
4. Care
5. Openness
6. Respect for intellectual property
7. Confidentiality
8. Responsible publication
9. Responsible mentoring
10. Respect for colleagues
11. Social responsibility
12. non-discrimination
13. Competence
14. Legality
15. Human subject protection
1.HONESTY – Data should never be fabricated, falsified or
misinterpreted.
2.OBJECTIVITY – Biases should be avoided in all aspects of
research.
3.INTEGRITY – Consistency is a must. All actions, promises
and agreements must be made with a purpose.
4.CARE – Errors and negligence must be avoided. Your
works must be examined. Research records must be kept
in good condition.
5. OPENNESS – Research must be open to
criticisms and new ideas. Results must be shared
with the public.
6. RESPECT for INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY –
Proper acknowledgements should be given and
copyrights must be recognized. Give the credit to
where it is due.
7. CONFIDENTIALITY – Confidential
communications or documents must be
protected.
8. RESPONSIBLE PUBLICATION – Wasteful and
duplicate publication should be avoided.
9. RESPONSIBLE MENTORING – should seek to
educate, mentor and advise students.
10. RESPECT for COLLEAGUES – All peers
must be treated fairly.
11. SOCIAL RESPONSIBILTY – Social good
should be promoted and social harm should be
avoided.
12. NON-DISCRIMINATION – All those eligible
to participate should be allowed to do so.
13. COMPETENCE – Professional skills and
expertise must be maintained and
improved with the research.
14. LEGALITY – A researcher must obey
relevant laws and institutional and
government policies
15. HUMAN SUBJECT PROTECTION –
Harms and risks to human lives must
be minimized. Human dignity,
privacy and autonomy should be
among the primary considerations of
the research.