Lectures on Unit 5 (Sub : ECE249)

• Adder, Subtractor
• Comparators
• Mux, DeMux
• Encoder, Decoder
• Parity Circuits
• Logic Families : TTL, MOS, CMOS
• Figure of merit, Fan-in, Fan-out

Prepared by Haziqul Yaquin

Full Adder
Full Subtractor
Full Adder Logic Circuit
Full Subtractor Logic circuit
Full Adder truth table Full Subtractor truth table

A B C Sum Carry A B C Diff. Borrow

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1

0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1

0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1

1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0

1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0

1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
All the multiplexers are activated only when the E / Strobe input is LOW.

4-to-1 Multiplexer
A  4-to-1 multiplexer consists four data input lines as D0 to D3, two select lines as S0 and S1 and
a single output line Y. The select lines S0 and S1 select one of the four input lines to connect the
output line. The figure below shows the block diagram of a 4-to-1 multiplexer in which, the
multiplexer decodes the input through select line.
The truth table of a 4-to-1 multiplexer is shown below in which four input combinations 00, 10, 01
and 11 on the select lines respectively switches the inputs D0, D2, D1 and D3 to the output. That
means when S0=0 and S1 =0, the output at Y is D0, similarly Y is D1 if the select inputs S0=0 and
S1= 1 and so on.
From the above truth table, we can write the output expressions as follows:
From the above expression of the output, a 4-to-1 multiplexer can be implemented by using
basic logic gates. The below figure shows the logic circuit of 4:1 MUX which is implemented by
four 3-inputs AND gates, two 1-input NOT gates, and one 4-inputs OR gate.
In this circuit, each data input line is connected as input to an AND gate and two select lines
are connected as other two inputs to it. Additionally, there is also an Enable Signal. The output
of all the AND gates are connected to inputs of OR gate in order to produce the output Y.
Generally, this type of multiplexers is available in IC
with dual mode i.e., there will be two 4-to-1 Multiplexers
in a single IC. The most common and popular 4-to-1 line
multiplexer is IC 74153 which, is a dual 4-to-1 line
multiplexer. It consists of two identical 4-to-1
multiplexers. It has two separate enable or strobe
inputs to switch ON or OFF the individual multiplexers.
But the Select lines are common to both the
Multiplexers.
Usually, the enable input or strobe can be used to
cascade two or more multiplexer ICs to construct a
multiplexer with large number of inputs. Each multiplier
is supplied with separate inputs. The figure below shows
the pin diagram of IC74153.
 Logic Families
OBSOLETE ONES:
1. Diode Logic.
2. Diode Transistor Logic (DTL).
3. Resistor Transistor Logic (RTL).

CURRENT ONES:
4. TTL (Transistor Transistor Logic)
5. ECL (Emitter Coupled Logic)
6. CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor)

47
 Logic family are digital integrated circuit devices which are constructed with a combination of electronic gates.
A family has its own power supply voltage and group potential; distinct logic levels.

•Diode Logic (DL) : logic is implemented with the use of resistors and diodes.
•Resistor-Transistor Logic (RTL) : logic is implemented with the use of transistors and resistors
•Diode-Transistor Logic (DTL) : logic is implemented with the use of diodes and transistors.

•Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL) : logic are implemented with transistors

•Emitter Coupled Logic (ECL) : logic are implemented with transistors

•Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor Logic (CMOS) : logic are implemented with MOSFET
Basic Characteristics of Logic Families

• The main characteristics of Logic

families include:
– Power Dissipation
– Propagation delay
– Figure of merit
– Fan-in
– Fan-out
– Noise Immunity
– Noise Margin
 Contt..
• Power dissipation : When a circuit switches from one state to the other, power
dissipates. It is the power needed by the logic circuit to operate.
• Propagation delay : It is defined as the average delay or time taken by the circuit to give
output after taking the input.

• Noise Immunity: It is the ability of the circuit to tolerate noise voltage present in the
input signal.
• Noise Margin : It is the quantitative measure of Noise Immunity. It is the maximum
noise voltage present in the input that the logic circuit can tolerate and withstand
without any disturbance in its normal operation.

• Figure of Merit : it is the product of power and propagation delay

• P X Td
• Its unit is pJ
 Characteristics of Logic Family
• Fan-in : Determines the number of inputs the logic circuit can take at a time.

• Fan-out : Determines the number of circuits or loads that the output of the logic circuit can
drive at a time without affecting its normal operation.

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• ECL – emitter coupled logic based on bipolar transistors.
• TTL – transistor-transistor logic based on bipolar
transistors.
• CMOS – complementary metal-oxide semiconductor
logic based on metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect
transistors (MOSFETs).
General Characteristics of Basic Logic
Families
• ECL is fast, but with poor noise immunity and high power
consumption.

• TTL can drive more current and uses more power than
CMOS.

• CMOS consumes very little power, has excellent noise

immunity, and is used with a wide range of voltages.
 Emitter-coupled logic (ECL)
– based on bipolar transistors, but removes problems of
storage time by preventing the transistors from saturating
– very fast operation - propagation delays of 1ns or less
– high power consumption, perhaps 60 mW/gate
– low noise immunity of about 0.2 - 0.25 V
– used in some high speed specialist applications, but now largely
replaced by high speed CMOS
 Transistor-transistor logic (TTL)

– based on bipolar transistors

– one of the most widely used families for small- and medium-
scale devices – rarely used for VLSI
– typically operated from 5V supply
– typical noise immunity about 1 – 1.6 V
– many forms, some optimised for speed, power, etc.
– high speed versions comparable to CMOS (~ 1.5 ns)
– low-power versions down to about 1 mW/gate
Complementary metal oxide semiconductor
(CMOS)
– most widely used family for large-scale devices
– combines high speed with low power consumption
– usually operates from a single supply of 5 – 15 V
– excellent noise immunity of about 30% of supply
voltage
– can be connected to a large number of gates
(about 50)
– many forms – some with t down to 1 ns
PD
– power consumption depends on speed
(perhaps 1
mW
A Comparison of Logic
Families
TTL vs CMOS

59
CMOS as Switch

60
CMOS as NOT Gate

65
CMOS as a NAND Gate

68
CMOS as NOR Gate

70
 Quiz poll

• What is full form of CMOS.

A. Compact metal oxide semiconductor.
B. Complementary metal oxide semiconductor.
C. Complementary MOSFET.
D. Compact MOSFET.
 Quiz poll

• TTL is called transistor–transistor logic because both the

logic gating function and the amplifying function are
performed by
a) Resistors
b) Transistors
c) Bipolar junction transistors
d) Resistors and transistors respectively
 Quiz poll

• TTL used ___________power as compare to CMOS.

A. More
B. Less
C. Moderate
 Quiz poll

• Which logic is the fastest of all the logic families?

a) TTL
b) ECL
c) HTL
d) DTL
 Key
Points
• Physical gates are not ideal
• Logic gates are manufactured in a range of
components
families
logic
• The ability of a gate to ignore noise is its
‘noise immunity’
• Both MOSFETs and bipolar transistors are used in
• gates
All logic gates exhibit a propagation delay
responding
when to changes in their
• The most widely used logic families are CMOS and
inputs
TTL
• CMOS is available in a range of forms offering
high speed or very low power consumption
• TTL logic is also produced in many versions,
each optimised for a particular characteristic
 Key points about
TTL
➢ The most popular and most widely used IC family is TTL.
➢ A TTL circuit acts as a current sink in the low state.
➢ A TTL circuit acts as a current source in the high state
➢ The TTL series most suitable at high frequencies is FTTL.
➢ The fastest saturated logic family is TTL
➢ The logic family most suitable for SSI and MSI is TTL
 Key points about
ECL
• The fastest logic family is ECL
• The logic family which gives
complementary outputs is ECL
• The logic family preferred in
superfast computers is ECL
• The logic family with both logic levels
negative is ECL
• The logic family which consumes
maximum power is ECL
 Key points about
MOS
• The logic family which is simplest to fabricate is MOS
• The logic family ideally suited for LSI/VLSI/ULSI applications is MOS
• The slowest logic family is MOS
 Key points about
CMOS
• The ICs used in watches and calculators are
of CMOS
• The logic family which has the highest fan-
out is CMOS.
• The logic family which has highest
noise margin is CMOS.
• The logic family which consumes least
power is CMOS.