DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING

It is a subject that deals with NUMERICAL

TRANSFORMATION of images to produce desired
image (improved representation, colour-wise or theme-
wise)

In context of Remote Sensing (RS), DIA would mean

deriving information from remotely sensed data using a
computer
 DIGITAL IMAGE ANALYSIS/PROCESSING

Advantages :

•Easy in storage and transmission

•Direct use in GIS
•Enhancements and image manipulations
•Various band combinations for MS sensors
•Efficient to detect tonal variations
•Good for large area mapping
 DIGITAL IMAGE ANALYSIS/PROCESSING

Disadvantages :
• Difficult to implement Human Expertise
• Lot of resources required
DIGITAL IMAGE
DIGITAL IMAGE
Pixels
• A photograph could also be represented and displayed in a
digital format by subdividing the image into small equal-sized
and shaped areas, called picture elements or pixels, and
representing the brightness of each area with a numeric value
or digital number.
DN Number / Brightness Values
Data media & formats for RS Images

- The data are available on practically all media such as

floppies, DAT’s, CD-ROM’s and also through internet

- The multispectral data are stored in anyone of the three

formats :

1 BIP Band Interleaved by Pixel

2 BIL Band Interleaved by Line
3 BSQ Band Sequential
21 38 6 11 100 125

43 55 12 13 89 94
Red Green Blue
BIP : In this case the data is stored in scan lines and
in each scan line 1st pixel of first band is followed by
data from other bands, sequentially.

Record Scan line Pixel

1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 ....
1 1 b1 b2 b3 b4 b1 b2 b3 b4
2 2 b1 b2 b3 b4 b1 b2 b3 b4 ...
. . . . . . . . . .
21 38 6 11 100 125

43 55 12 13 89 94

21 6 100 38 11 125

43 12 89 55 13 94

BIP
BIL: In this case all the pixels of a band and scanline
are out first and the equivalent scanline of second band
follows

Record Scanline Pixel

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ....
1 1 b1 b1 b1 b1 b1 b1 b1 b1 ....
2 1 b2 b2 b2 b2 b2 b2 b2 b2 ....
3 1 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 ....
4 1 b4 b4 b4 b4 b4 b4 b4 b4 ....
5 2 b1 b1 b1 b1 b1 b1 b1 b1 ....
. . . . . . . . . . .... .
 21 38

6 11
21 38 6 11 100 125
100 125
43 55 12 13 89 94
43 55

12 13

89 94
BIL
BSQ: In this format the entire image of 1st band is given
and is then followed by entire image of 2nd band and so on.

Record Scanline Pixel

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9...
1 1 b1 b1 b1 b1 b1 b1 b1 . ....
2 2 b1 b1 b1 b1 b1 b1 b1 . ....
. . . . . . . . . . ...
. . b2 b2 b2 b2 b2 b2 b2 . ....
. . . . . . . . . . . .. .
 21 38

43 55

21 38 6 11 100 125 6 11

43 55 12 13 89 94 12 13

100 125

89 94

BSQ
 Image Statistics
Why extract initial statistics about digital image data?

 Representation (or summary) of data in each spectral

band.

 Assist in image enhancements.

 Selection of bands with maximum information content.

 Eliminate bands with redundant/unnecessary

information.

 Use in other image processing functions (e.g., image

classification.
 Minimum
Shows the lowest value of the data. For example, the
satellite has minimum and maximum value which is 0
and 255 respectively. Once you open the properties that
will gives the minimum value information about the data. In
the image, minimum value starts from 0.
 Maximum
Shows the highest value of the data. For example, the
DN values of satellite has a maximum range about 255
which is for pure soil. The maximum DN value information
presents in the properties of data.
 Mean
Average of all brightness values in the image. If the
histogram shows the DN/pixel values from 0 to 84 then it
will gives the average value. Sum of DN values/ No. of
Pixels.
 Median

Value midway (or at midpoint) in the

distribution of brightness values.
 Mode

The value that occurs most frequently in a

distribution (usually highest point on
distribution curve of histogram)
Typical of most remotely sensed
spectral image data.

Minimum
Minimum Maximum Maximum

Range Range