PURPOSIVE

COMMUNICATION

- Is the practice of using different
communication forms.
- The type of communication that takes place
with a purpose in mind.
 LANGUAGE

The principal method of human
communication.
It may consist of words & conveyed through
speech or is conveyed through gestures.
SPEECH COMMUNITY
- People who uses the same language and can
understand each other.

LANGUAGE ACQUISITION
- Acquiring language used by the community

MOTHER TONGUE
First language
Acquired while growing up
SECOND LANGUAGE
- Language that is learned formally in the
school
LANGUAGE LEARNING
- The way of studying a language formally and
informally.

LANGUAGE CONTACT
- Being able to communicate with other languages as long as
there is a main language used.
LANGUAGE CHANGE
Result of language contact
Producing a certain language that is understandable for
two different people.
 COMMUNICATION

- From the Latin word “ commúnicāre” means
“to share”
- Activity of conveying information through
exchange of thoughts, messages, as by speech,
visuals, signals, written or behavioral.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF COMMUNICATION


MODE
CONTEXT
PURPOSE AND STYLE
 MODE

VERBAL – use of words to communicate.
 Spoken/written formal/informal

VISUAL - is the type of communication that uses

visuals to convey information and/or messages.

NON-VERBAL – uses body language.

 TYPES OF NON – VERBAL

BODY LANGUAGE – crossing arms.
MOVEMENT – sitting still
POSTURE – standing straight
GESTURE – thumbs up
SPACE – standing 2 feet away
PARALANGUAGE – speaking fast when excited.
FACIAL EXPRESSION – raising eyebrows
EYE CONTACT – looking directly/indirectly
TOUCH – embrace for support.
 CONTEXT

- The circumstance or environment
in which communication takes place.
- May include physical or actual
setting
 TYPES OF CONTEXT
 INTRAPERSONAL

 occurs in the mind/decision making
 Basis of feelings, biaces, prejudices and beliefs

 INTERPERSONAL – occurs between two people

 EXTENDED – use of electronic media or tools.

 Video conference, audio calls, messenger, etc.

 ORGANIZATIONAL – between people within the

organization.
 ORGANIZATIONAL

FORMAL – takes place via designated channels
 DOWNWARD – superior to subordinates
 UPWARD- subordinates to superior
 HORIZONTAL – same level but different department.
 CROSSWISE – employees from different units or
departments working at various levels.

INFORMAL – comes from unofficial channels of

message flow.
 coming from the different levels of the organization is
transmitted
 INTERCULTURAL

- Among people having different
linguistics, religions, ethnicity, social
and professional background.
 PURPOSE & STYLE

 FORMAL
 Orally or in written form.
 Lectures, public talks, research & project, proposals,
reports & business letters.

 INFORMAL COMMUNICATION
 Does not employ formal language
 Conversation with friends
 Socializing and enhancing relationship.
COMMUNICATION
PROCESSES,
PRINCIPLES AND
ETHICS
Communication Models

ARISTOTLE’S MODEL
LASWELL’S MODEL
SHANNON- WEAVER’S MODEL
DAVID BERLO’S MODEL
 ARISTOLE’S
COMMUNICATION MODEL
Aristotle emphasized that there are three variables
in the communication process:
SPEAKER, SPEECH, AND AUDIENCE

 LASWELL’S
COMMUNICATION MODEL
Harold Dwight Laswell described communication as being focused on the
following W’s:
WHO SAYS WHAT, IN WHICH CHANNEL, TO WHOM,
AND WITH WHAT EFFECT.


 SHANNON-WEAVER’S
COMMUNICATION MODEL
Claude Elwood Shannon and Warren Weaver’s model of communication
was introduced in 1949
In this model, other components such as noise, reception, destination, and
feedback have been identified
SENDER, TRANSMITTER FOR THE ENCODER,

DECODER (RECEPTION), AND RECEIVER
(DESTINATION) WERE INTRODUCED.
 BERLO’S
COMMUNICATION MODEL
Berlo’s model was called SMCR which stands for sender of the message, sent through a channel
or medium to a receiver
it was modified later on to include noise, hence the acronym SMCRN.
The major variables involved in the communication process are

(1) SOURCE, (2) MESSAGE, (3) CHANNEL, AND (4)

RECEIVER.

 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF
EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION

1. KNOW YOUR PURPOSE IN COMMUNICATING.
Are you communicating basically to inform, to entertain, or to persuade?

2. KNOW YOUR AUDIENCE.

In both speaking and writing, you should know your audience as it will dictate the
speaking or writing style you are going to employ.
Consider the age, educational background, profession, culture, and other salient
features of your listeners or readers.

3. KNOW YOUR TOPIC.

You communicate essentially because you want to share something. In speaking
situations, speakers are invited because they have something to share. This also
applies to writing.
4. ADJUST YOUR SPEECH OR WRITING TO
THE CONTEXT OF THE SITUATION.
The environment in which your speech or writing
is to be delivered determines the kind of language
you will use.


5. WORK ON THE FEEDBACK GIVEN TO YOU.
Once you receive comments from the
listeners/readers, work on them. Take kindly to
criticisms. In the long run, constructive criticisms
will prove beneficial to you as you learn to
address them.
 PRINCIPLES OF
EFFECTIVE
 ORAL
COMMUNICATION
1. BE CLEAR WITH YOUR PURPOSE.
You should know by heart your objective in communicating.

2. BE COMPLETE WITH THE MESSAGE YOU DELIVER.

Make sure that your claims are supported by facts and essential information.

3. BE CONCISE.
You do not need to be verbose or wordy with your statements. Brevity in
speech is a must.

4. BE NATURAL WITH YOUR DELIVERY.

Punctuate important words with the appropriate gestures and movements.
Exude a certain degree of confidence even if you do not feel confident enough.

5. BE SPECIFIC AND TIMELY WITH YOUR FEEDBACK.

Inputs are most helpful when provided on time.
 PRINCIPLES OF
EFFECTIVE
WRITTEN

COMMUNICATION:
THE 7CS
1.BE CLEAR.
- Be clear about your message. Always be guided by your purpose in
communicating.

2. BE CONCISE.
- Always stick to the point and do not beat or run around the bush. Be brief by
focusing on your main point.

3. BE CONCRETE.
- Support your claims with enough facts. Your readers will easily know if you are
bluffing or deceiving them because there is nothing to substantiate your claims.

4. BE CORRECT.
- It is important that you observe grammatical correctness in your writing.
Always have time to revise and edit your work. Even simple spelling errors may easily
distract your readers.
5. BE COHERENT.
- Your writing becomes coherent only when you convey a logical message. The
ideas should be connected to each other and related to the topic. Make sure that you
observe a sound structure that will present a smooth flow of your ideas. Use
transitional or cohesive devices so that the ideas cohere with one another.

6. BE COMPLETE.
- Include all necessary and relevant information so that the audience will not be
left wanting any information. Always place yourself in the shoes of the audience, who
is always interested to receive new information.

7. BE COURTEOUS.
- The tone of your writing should be friendly. Avoid any overtone/undertone or
insinuation to eliminate confusion and misinterpretation.
 ETHICS OF
COMMUNICATION

Communication ethics emphasizes that morals influence
the behavior of an individual, group, or organization
thereby affecting their communication.
It is important to note that one’s behavior should be
regulated by honesty, decency, truthfulness, sincerity, and
moral uprightness.
1. Establish an effective value system that will pave
the way for the development of your integrity as a
person. One’s behavior and decision-making style
affect, in turn, the operations of an organization.

2. Provide complete and accurate information.

Whether it is needed or not, the data you provide
should always be contextualized and correct.

3. Disclose vital information adequately and

appropriately. Never conceal or hide information
that are necessary for purposes of transparency.
 CHAPTER 2

INTERCULTURAL
COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATION
AND
GLOBALIZATION

Globalization is the word used to describe the
growing interdependence of the world’s
economies, cultures, and populations, brought
about by cross-border trade in goods and
services, technology, and flows of investment,
people, and information.
HOW GLOBALIZATION
WORKS?
1. In simple terms, globalization is the process
by which people and goods move easily across
borders.

2. Globalization has brought many benefits to

many people. But not to everyone.
 HOW DID GLOBALIZATION
HAPPEN?

8. We might think of globalization as a relatively new
phenomenon, but it’s been around for centuries.

9. One example is the Silk Road, when trade spread

rapidly between China and Europe via an overland
route. Merchants carried goods for trade back and
forth, trading silk as well as gems, spices and, of
course coffee.
WHAT DRIVES IT?

Globalization has speeded up
enormously over the last half-century,
thanks to great leaps in
TECHNOLOGY.
WHAT’S GOOD ABOUT IT?

• Globalization has led to many millions
of people being lifted out of poverty.
• Globalization has not only allowed
nations to trade with each other, but
also to cooperate with each other as
never before.
WHAT’S BAD ABOUT IT?
1. While some areas have flourished, others have
floundered as jobs and commerce move elsewhere.
2. Every step forward in technology brings with it
new dangers. Computers have vastly improved
our lives, but cyber criminals steal millions of
pounds a year. Global wealth has skyrocketed, but
so has global warming.
3. While many have been lifted out of poverty, not
everybody has benefited. Many argue that
globalization operates mostly in the interests of the
richest countries
1. Although globalization is helping
to create more wealth in
developing countries, it is not
helping to close the gap between
the world’s poorest and richest
nations.
2. Globalization could lead to
“unparalleled peace and
prosperity.”
 THE IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION
ON COMMUNICATION


As technology advances, the world is both
getting larger and smaller.
With the onset of new technology
globalization is impacting the ways we
communicate and learn in fascinating ways.
The rise in the use of the internet in
particular has been incredibly instrumental
in improving the ways in which we connect
with one another.
 
We have the opportunity to view diverse
perspectives that were outside of our scope before.
We are able to fully connect with someone who is
thousands of miles away in real time and the effects
are profound.
Information is not as restricted and it allows us the
opportunity not only to receive information but to
enter into academic spaces and contribute.
Globalization creates a space for ideas to transcend
borders and social strata.
 When you combine the access to new
perspectives with access to previously highly
safeguarded materials, what you get is the
opportunity to create brand new worlds.
When you can see the world through new eyes,
you have the opportunity to innovate and really
develop new educational opportunities, rethink
how and why we communicate and create new
systems to do both.
.
LOCAL AND GLOBAL
COMMUNICATION IN
MULTICULTURAL
SETTINGS

INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION


According to science, each person is genetically
unique. Except for identical twins, each person has a
unique genetic composition. This uniqueness
becomes even more heightened because of
individual experiences. Humans are formed by
forces other than genetics. Family background,
religious affiliations, educational achievements,
socio-cultural forces, economic conditions,
emotional states, and other factors shape human
identities.
• The diversity of people and cultures –
impacts communication. People
interacting with those coming from
unfamiliar cultures may have

difficulties in communication. Most
people tend to conclude that
miscommunication results from a
speaker’s lack of proficiency in
language.
 COMMUNICATING
ACROSS CULTURES

Communicating across cultures is challenging.
The challenge for multinational communication has
never been greater
We are all individuals, and no two people belonging
to the same culture are guaranteed to respond in
exactly the same way.
All international communication is influenced by
cultural differences.
The diversity of people and culture
impacts communication.
Communicating with people from
unfamiliar cultures poses
challenges. The success of
intercultural communication does
not depend on language skills alone,
but on openness and sensitivity to
cultural diversity, as well as on a
genuine desire to understand and be
understood.
COPING WITH THE
CHALLENGES
 OF
INTERCULTURAL
COMMUNICATION
 CHALLENGES OF INTERCULTURAL
COMMUNICATION

When we are communicating with people who are
very different from us, it is very difficult to know
how to draw inferences about what they mean, and
so it is impossible to depend on shared knowledge
and background for confidence in our
interpretations
Note that misunderstanding in intercultural
communication may not always be caused by
verbal utterances. Misunderstandings may also
occur due to wrong interpretation of non-verbal
code.
THE HANDSHAKE

COUNTRY OR REGION TYPE OF HANDSHAKE

United States Firm Handshake

France Soft Handshake

Germany Firm Handshake, for men,

traditionally, accompanied
by a slight bow.

Japan Handshake with arm

firmly extended, accompanied by a bow

Middle East Handshake and free hand

placed on the forearm of the other person.
GREETINGS

Like handshakes, greeting rituals also vary from culture to

culture. Japanese women bow differently from Japanese
men.
 SOURCES OF
MISUNDERSTANDING
 Ambiguity – lack of explicitness on the part of the speaker in
 and ambiguous semantics in
the form of problematic reference
which an utterance is open to different interpretations.
 Performance-related misunderstanding – slips of the tongue
and mishearing which may be due to utterances spoken
quickly and unclearly.
 Language-related misunderstanding – ungrammaticality of
sentences.
 Gaps in world knowledge – gaps in content rather than
language.
 Local context – turns and the turns within sequences produced
by the participants themselves, and the orientation of the
participants as well as the repair moves that follow the
displayed understanding
 APPROACHES TO STUDYING
INTERCULTURAL
COMMUNICATION

 There is a need to be aware or conscious about other cultures
especially those that you will visit so you can avoid offending
people.
 All cultures are equal and though sometimes difficult to
understand, you need to understand that no culture is superior
or inferior to one another. It is only though awareness that you
get to compare cultures with your own and appreciate cultural
diversities and learn to live with them.

CULTURAL DIVERSITY
 Intercultural communication can be
studied through the functionalist
approach, interpretative approach, and
critical approach wherein considering
several factors on culture affecting
communication must be keenly
studied to avoid misunderstanding or
misinterpretation. More importantly,
it is always best and safest to practice
cultural relativism amidst cultural
diversity.