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Model of The Atom
Model of The Atom
Model of The Atom
Atom
POWERPOINT PRESENTATION
BY
AREEN PRADHAN
CLASS-IX
VIKASH RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL BARGARH
Elements and Compounds
Examples of elements include:
copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), oxygen (O 2), hydrogen
(H2)
.
John Dalton (Early 1800’s)
Proposed an atomic theory that included the following:
• Each element is composed of extremely small
particles called atoms.
• All atoms of a given element are identical.
• Atoms of one element are different from atoms of
another element.
• Atoms of an element are not changed into different
types of atoms by chemical reactions.
• Compounds are formed when atoms of more than
one kind combine.
• In a given compound, the relative number and kind of
atoms are constant.
© 2008 Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. Use for SGI Field Test Only.
Developing an Atomic Theory
• Many scientists have modified and
elaborated on Dalton’s Atomic Theory.
• The first major advances were possible
with the development of gas discharge
tubes.
• Sir William Crookes was a leader in
experiments with gas discharge tubes.
Sir William Crookes (mid to late 1800’s)
Reasoning:
• The cathode was the source of the rays because the
rays moved every time the cathode was moved.
• The rays must travel in straight lines because the
shape of the shadow was identical to the shape of
the object that produced it.
http://www.aip.org/history/mod/fission/fission1/01.html
http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/webdocs/AtomicStructure/Disc-of-Electron-Images.html
© 2008 Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. Use for SGI Field Test Only.
Sir J.J. Thomson (Late 1800’s)
Evidence:
.
Electrons
Reasoning:
• The particles were negative because they
were repelled by negative charges and
attracted towards positive charges.
• The particles were fundamental to all atoms
because the same results were found no
matter what material was used to produce the
electrons.
© 2008 Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. Use for SGI Field Test Only.
Electrons
© 2008 Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. Use for SGI Field Test Only.
Thomson’s Model of the Atom
Evidence:
• Thomson had determined that atoms
contained negative particles called
electrons.
• However, atoms were electrically neutral.
Thomson’s “Plum Pudding” Model
(Early 20th century)
Claim:
Atoms contain an equal amount of positive
charge as negative charge
Thomson suggested
that the electrons in
an atom were
embedded in a
positively charged,
diffuse sphere.
Thomson’s “Plum Pudding” Model
(Early 20th century)
Reasoning:
• Since atoms were electrically neutral but
contained negatively charged electrons, they
must also contain an equal amount of positive
charge.
• Thomson had no experimental evidence for
his model but built on Lord Kelvin’s idea that
positive charge in an atom was spread evenly
and diffusely throughout a spherical shape.
Rutherford, Geiger, and Marsden
(Early 20th Century)
Rutherford Scattering
The Nuclear Model of the Atom
Reasoning:
• Most of the alpha particles were able to pass through the atoms
with little or no deflection, therefore the atom was mainly empty
space.
• There must be a concentration of positive charge in order to cause
the alpha particles to be deflected by large angles.
• This concentration of positive charge must be very small or more
alpha particles would have been deflected by large angles.
Claim:
• There must be other particles in the
atom.
• These particles must have mass but no
charge.
Sir James Chadwick (1932)
Reasoning:
• The mass of an atom is greater than the mass of
its protons and electrons.Therefore there must
be another particle in the atom that has mass.
• This additional particle must not have any
charge, because if it had charge then the atom
would no longer be electrically neutral.