COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

GEOLOGY FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS (SCI 3)

SECOND SEMESTER A.Y.2022-2023

LECTURE 1
FUNDAMENTALS OF GEOLOGY
:
BSCE 2B and 2C
ENGR. JOVIN MANARIN
Course
Description:
Fundamentals of geology applied to civil engineering problems. Topics
include rock and mineral types, soil properties, , rock mechanics geologic
structures, active tectonics and earthquake hazards, slope stability, and
landslides, groundwater, rivers and flood hazards. Team projects include
engineering geology case studies and site assessment investigations.
.
Aims of the course:

At the end of the course, the student must be able to:

1. Describe and explain the role of geology in the design and
construction process of underground openings in rock.
2. Apply geologic concepts and approaches on civil engineering projects.
3. Identify and classify rock using basic geologic classification systems.
4. Use the geologic literature to establish the geotechnical framework
needed
to properly design and construct heavy civil works rock projects.
5. Utilize backgrounds in engineering and earth science to provide solutions to
engineering problems within the context of the natural world.
Course Outline:

I. GENERAL GEOLOGY

1. Geology in Civil Engineering

2. Branches of geology
3. Earth Structure and Composition
4. Elementary knowledge on continental drift and plate tectonics
5. Earth processes-Weathering
6. Work of rivers, wind and sea and their engineering
importance
7. Origin, occurrence of earthquake
8. Mode of occurrence
9. Prospecting Ground water
10.Ground water
11.Importance in civil engineering
II.
MINERALOGY
1. Elementary knowledge on symmetry elements of crystallographic systems
2. Physical properties of minerals
3. Study of the following rock forming minerals
● Quartz family
● Feldspar family
● Augite
● Hornblende
● Biotite
● Muscovite
● Calcite
● Garnet
4. properties, process of formation of all minerals
5. Coal and Petroleum, their origin and occurrence
III. PETROLOGY

6. Classification of rocks
7. Distinction between igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks
8. Description and occurrence
9. Properties and distribution of following rocks
● Quartz family
1. Properties and distribution of following rocks
*Igneous rocks
● Granite
● Syenite
● Diorite
● Gabbro
● Pegmatite
● Dolerite
● Basalt
*Sedimentary rocks
● Sandstone
● Limestone
● Shale
● Conglomerate
● Breccia
*Metamorphic rocks
● Quartzite
● Marble
● Slate
● Gniess
● Schist
IV. STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY AND ROCK MECHANICS

1. Altitude of beds
2. Outcrops
3. Geological Maps
4. Study of structures
5. Folds, Faults and Joints
6. Their bearing on Engineering Construction
7. Rock mechanics
8. Physical properties and mechanical properties of rocks
● Porosity
● Permeability
● Density
● Strength
● Hardness
● Elasticity
● Plasticity
9. Dynamic property of rocks
10. Types of wave theory
11. Factors influencing wave velocity
12. Static and dynamics moduli of elasticity
13. Grouting

V. GEOLOGICAL AND GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATION IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

14.Site Investigations
15.Geological Methods
16.Exploration Techniques
17.Geophysical methods
18.Seismic and electrical Methods
19.Direct Penetration
20.Core boring
21.Logging of Cores
22.Geological condition necessary for construction of dams, tunnels,building,road
cutting
Topic No.1:

Rock & Mineral types

1. Different types of rock minerals:

About 200 minerals make up the bulk of most rocks. The feldspar mineral
family is the most abundant. Quartz, calcite, and clay minerals are also
common. Some minerals are more common in igneous rock (formed under
extreme heat and pressure), such as olivine, feldspars, pyroxenes, and micas.

There are almost 5000 known mineral species, yet the vast majority of rocks are
formed from combinations of a few common minerals, referred to as “rock-
forming minerals”. The rock-forming minerals are: feldspars, quartz, amphiboles,
micas, olivine, garnet, calcite, pyroxenes.

There are three kinds of rock: minerals; igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.
TEN MOST COMMON ROCK FORMING MINERALS

“The Big Ten” minerals are: olivine, augite, hornblende, biotite, calcium-rich
plagioclase (anorthite), sodium-rich plagioclase (albite), potassium-rich feldspar
(commonly orthoclase), muscovite, quartz, and calcite.
Rock Forming Minerals : 10 Most Common Rock Forming
Minerals
Rock Forming Minerals

Rocks consist of minerals. A mineral is a material that occurs naturally and

is generally strong, crystalline, stable and inorganic at room temperature.
There are many known mineral species, but the vast majority of rocks are formed
by combinations of a few common minerals, called “rock-forming minerals.” The
minerals that form rock are: feldspar, quartz, amphiboles, micas, olivine,
grenade, calcite, pyroxenes.

Minerals that occur in tiny amounts within a rock are called “accessory
minerals.” Although accessory minerals are only present in tiny quantities, they
can provide useful insight into a rock’s geological history and are often used to
determine a rock’s age. Common minerals for accessories are zircon, monazite,
apatite, titanite, tourmaline, pyrite and other opaque minerals.

Rock-forming mineral, any mineral that shapes igneous, sedimentary or

metamorphic rocks and that acts as an intimate part of rock-making procedures,
typically or exclusively. Those minerals, on the other hand, have a restricted mode
of incidence or are created by more uncommon procedures such as metal ores,
vein minerals, and cavity fillings. In addition, some precipitates and secondary
minerals are not correctly categorized as rock-forming minerals; they develop
later than the initial rock and tend to ruin their initial personality.
Some mineralogists limit rock forming minerals to those that are abundant in
a rock and are usually referred to as essential minerals, a definition that
implies that they are the most important in the study of rock making
processes.

The minerals ‘ quantity and variety depends on the quantity of the components
they are comprised of in the Earth’s crust. Eight constitute 98% of the Earth’s
surface: oxygen, nitrogen, aluminum, iron, nitrogen, calcium, sodium, and
potassium. The parent body’s chemistry directly controls the structure of minerals
created by igneous procedures. For instance, minerals such as olivine and
pyroxene (as discovered in basalt) will create a magma wealthy in iron and
magnesium. More silicon-rich magma will create minerals like feldspar and
quartz (as discovered in granite). Unlike its own, a mineral is unlikely to be
discovered in a rock with dissimilar total chemistry; therefore, andalusite
(Al2SiO5) is probable to be discovered in an aluminum-poor rock like quartzite.
What Are Rock-Forming
Minerals?
What Are Rock-Forming
Minerals?
Feldspars

Feldspars are a collection of rock-forming tectosilicate minerals that make up

by weight about 41% of the mainland surface of the Earth. In both intrusive
and extrusive igneous rocks, feldspars crystallize from magma as veins and
are also present in many kinds of metamorphic rock. It is regarded as
anorthosite rock made almost completely of calcium plagioclase feldspar. In
many kinds of sedimentary rocks, feldspars are also discovered.

Quartz

Quartz is a mineral consisting of carbon and water particles in a constant frame

of SiO4 silicon-oxygen tetrahedra, sharing each carbon between two tetrahedra,
providing SiO2 an general chemical formula. Quartz is Earth’s second most
common mineral, behind feldspar, in the continental crust.
There are two forms of quartz, the normal α-quartz and the β-quartz high-
temperature, both chiral. There is an abrupt transformation from α-quartz to
β- quartz at 573 ° C (846 K). Since the transition is followed by a substantial
quantity shift, ceramics or rocks that pass through this temperature limit can
readily be induced to fracture.
Amphibole

Amphibole is an significant cluster of inosilicate minerals that form prisms or

needle-like crystals, consisting of SiO 4 tetrahedra double chain, connected at the
vertices and usually carrying ions of iron and/or magnesium in their constructions.
Amphiboles may be green, black, white, yellow, blue, or brown. Amphiboles are
presently classified by the International Mineralogical Association as a mineral
supergroup, within which there are two categories and several subgroups.

Mica

The mica group of sheet silicate (phyllosilicate) minerals involves several near-
perfect basal cleavage associated products. They are all monoclinic, with a
tendency towards pseudohexagonal crystals, and in chemical composition are
comparable. The almost ideal cleavage is clarified by the hexagonal sheet-like
structure of its atoms, which is the most prominent feature of mica. The term
mica comes from the Latin term mica, which means a crumb to glitter, and is
likely affected by micare.
Olivine

Mineral olivine is a formula (Mg2 +, Fe2+)2SiO4 zinc iron silicate. It is therefore a

kind of nesosilicate or orthosilicate. The earth’s upper mantle’s main element, it
is a prevalent mineral in the subsurface of Earth, but it weathers rapidly on the
ground.

Olivine contains only small quantities of non-oxygen, silicon, magnesium and

iron components. The extra components frequently found in the greatest levels
are manganese and nickel.

Olivine in polarizing light Olivine provides its name to the set of

associated minerals (the olivine group)—including tephroite (Mn2SiO4),
monticellite (CaMgSiO4) and kirschsteinite (CaFeSiO4).

Garnet

Garnets are a set of minerals of silicate that have been used as gemstones
and abrasives since the Bronze Age.
All garnet species have comparable physical characteristics and crystal shapes,
but vary in chemical composition. The various species are pyrope, almandine,
spessartine, gross (hessonite or cinnamon-stone and tsavorite variants), uvarovite
and and andradite.

Two solid solution series are made up of garnets: pyrope-almandine-spessartine

and uvarovite-grossular-andradite.

Calcite

Calcite is a mineral carbonate and the most stable calcium oil polymorph
(CaCO3). The mineral hardness scale of Mohs, based on the contrast of scratch
hardness, describes value 3 as “calcite”.
Other calcium carbonate polymorphs are aragonite and vaterite minerals. Over
time scales of days or less, aragonite will change to calcite at temperatures
above 300 ° C, and vaterite is even less stable.
Pyroxen
es
Pyroxenes (frequently shortened to Px) are a set of significant minerals discovered
in many igneous and metamorphic rocks that form rock inosilicates. Pyroxenes
have the overall formula XY(Si, Al)2O6 where X depicts calcium, sodium, iron (II) or
potassium and more commonly zinc, manganese or lithium, and Y includes ions
of lower magnitude such as chromium, aluminum, iron (III), magnesium, cobalt,
manganese, scandium, titanium, vanadium or even metal (II).
Rocks and
Minerals Igneous
Igneous
RocksRocks are one kind of rock. They form from lava after it cools, and
Igneous means "Born of Fire"! As you can see, there are different styles of
igneous rock, and three primary examples are pumice, obsidian, and
granite. Igneous rocks have crystals in them. Some have large crystals, like
granite, and these are called intrusive rocks. Others have very small crystals like
obsidian, which is like glass. Some igneous rocks can have really weird shapes,
such as the Giant's Causeway in Ireland.
Sedimentary
Rocks
Sedimentary Rocks might make the most beautiful rock formations because of
the lines inside of them. These rocks are made from sediments piling into layers
and then cementing (sticking) together to form sedimentary rock. In total about
73% of the earth's crust is sedimentary rock! Furthermore, fossils are usually
found in sedimentary rock.
Metamorphic
Rocks
Metamorphic rocks are the final type of rock, and these rocks used to be either
sedimentary rocks or igneous rocks! "Metamorphic" means to change, which is
what these rocks literally did. Originally, these rocks were either igneous or
sedimentary and from heat (not hot enough to melt!) and pressure, they
changed into a brand new type of rock: metamorphic!
DEFINITIONS: LECTURE NO.1
1. Geology, Also known as 'geoscience' or 'Earth science', geology is the study of the structure,
evolution and dynamics of the Earth and its natural mineral and energy resources. Geology
investigates the processes that have shaped the Earth through its 4500 million
(approximate!)
2. Evolution, is the change in the characteristics of a species over several generations
3. Engineering geology, also called Geological Engineering, the scientific discipline
concerned with the application of geological knowledge to engineering problems—e.g., to
reservoir design and location, determination of slope stability for construction purposes,
and determination of earthquake, flood, or subsidence
4. Geologists classify rocks into three main groups: igneous rock, sedimentary rock, and
metamorphic rock. Metamorphic Rock is formed by heat and pressure from other rocks.
Depending on how the rock formed, rocks can be igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic.
5. Earth science is the study of the Earth's structure, properties, processes, Earth sciences
are the fields of study concerned with the solid Earth, its waters, and the air that
envelops it.
6. Continental drift is the hypothesis that the Earth's continents have moved over geologic
time
relative to each other, thus appearing to have "drifted" across the ocean bed.
7. Plate tectonics is a scientific theory that explains how major landforms are created as a
result of Earth's subterranean movements. Plate tectonics is the theory that Earth's outer
shell is
8. Weathering is the breaking down or dissolving of rocks and minerals on Earths surface. Once
a rock has been broken down, a process called erosion transports the bits of rock and
minerals away. Water, acids, salt, plants, animals, and changes in temperature are all agents
of weathering and erosion.
9. Mineralogy is a subject of geology specializing in the scientific study of the chemistry, crystal
structure, and physical (including optical) properties of minerals and mineralized artifacts.
10. A Crystal System refers to one of the many classes of crystals, space groups, and lattices.
In crystallography terms, lattice system and crystal,
11. Plate tectonics is a scientific theory that explains how major landforms are created as a
result of Earth's subterranean movements. Plate tectonics is the theory that Earth's outer
shell is divided into large slabs of solid rock, called “plates,” that glide over Earth's mantle,
the rocky inner layer above Earth's core.
12. Weathering is the breaking down or dissolving of rocks and minerals on Earths surface. Once
a rock has been broken down, a process called erosion transports the bits of rock and
minerals away. Water, acids, salt, plants, animals, and changes in temperature are all agents
of weathering and erosion.
13. Mineralogy is a subject of geology specializing in the scientific study of the chemistry, crystal
structure, and physical (including optical) properties of minerals and mineralized artifacts.
14. A Crystal System refers to one of the many classes of crystals, space groups, and lattices.
In crystallography terms, lattice system and crystal,
15. Petrology is the study of rocks - igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary - and the processes
that form and transform them.
16. Igneous rock, or magmatic rock, is one of the three main rock types, the others being
sedimentary and metamorphic. Igneous rock is formed through the cooling and solidification
of magma or lava. The magma can be derived from partial melts of existing rocks in either a
planet's mantle or crust.
17. Sedimentary rocks are formed from pre-existing rocks or pieces of once-living
organisms. They form from deposits that accumulate on the Earth's surface.
18. Metamorphic rocks started out as some other type of rock, but have been substantially
changed from their original igneous, sedimentary, or earlier metamorphic form. Metamorphic
rocks form when rocks are subjected to high heat, high pressure, hot mineral-rich fluids or,
more commonly, some combination of these factors.
19. Porosity is the percentage of void space in a rock. It is defined as the ratio of the volume of
the voids or pore space divided by the total volume. It is written as either a decimal
fraction between 0 and 1 or as a percentage. For most rocks, porosity varies from less
than 1% to 40%.pore spaces facilitate the availability and movement of air or water within
the soil environment.
20. Permeability is a measure of the ease of passage of liquids or gases or specific
chemicals through the material.
21. Density, the quantity per unit volume, unit area, or unit length: as. a : the mass of a
substance per unit volume. b : the distribution of a quantity (as mass, electricity, or energy)
per unit usually of space.
22. Elasticity, ability of a deformed material body to return to its original shape and size
when the forces causing the deformation are removed.
23. Plasticity the quality of being easily shaped or molded, plasticity, ability of certain solids to
flow or to change shape permanently when subjected to stresses of intermediate magnitude
between those producing temporary deformation, or elastic behaviour, and those causing
failure of the material, or rupture.
24. Dynamic properties of building play an important role in the determination of the equivalent
lateral forces as well as responses from natural disturbances such as wind and seismic
forces. These properties include natural frequencies (or natural periods), damping ratios and
vibration mode shapes of a building.
25. Wave theory,the theory that light is propagated through the ether by a wave motion imparted
to the ether by the molecular vibrations of the radiant body.
26. Wave velocity in common usage refers to speed, although, properly, velocity implies both
speed and direction. The velocity of a wave is equal to the product of its wavelength and
frequency (number of vibrations per second) and is independent of its intensity.
27. Modulus of elasticity is a measure of stiffness, with higher-modulus materials exhibiting
less
deformation under load compared to low-modulus materials.
28. Geophysical investigations are used to estimate the physical properties of the subsurface by
measuring, analyzing, and interpreting seismic, electrical, electromagnetic, gravitational, and
magnetic fields measured at the ground surface or within boreholes.
29. Geological methods,Geologists use a wide variety of methods to understand the Earth's
structure and evolution, including field work, rock description, geophysical techniques,
chemical analysis, physical experiments, and numerical modelling.
30. Exploration Techniques
● low intensity exploration activities including:
● geological mapping and airborne surveying.
● sampling and coring using hand-held equipment.
● geophysical (but not seismic) surveying and downhole logging.
31. accessing of areas by vehicle that does not involve the construction of an access way,
such
as a track or road.
32. Seismic, relating to earthquakes or other vibrations of the earth and its crust.another word
is tectonic
33. A mineral is a material that occurs naturally and is generally strong, crystalline, stable
and inorganic at room temperature.
34. The rock-forming minerals are: feldspars, quartz, amphiboles, micas, olivine, garnet, calcite,
pyroxenes. Minerals occurring within a rock in small quantities are referred to as
“accessory minerals”. rock-forming mineral, any mineral that forms igneous, sedimentary,
or metamorphic rocks and that typically, or solely, forms as an intimate part of rock-making
processes.
35. Earth crusts a hard outer covering or surface layer, Earth's crust is a thin shell on the
outside
of Earth, accounting for less than 1% of Earth's volume.
36. Intrusive, or plutonic, igneous rock forms when magma remains inside the Earth's crust
where it cools and solidifies in chambers within pre-existing rock. The magma cools very
slowly over many thousands or millions of years until is solidifies

END OF LECTURE
NO.1
END OF LECTURE
NO.1