WOODEN POST

Introduction
• The traditional methods of construction utilizing wood
as post have been replaced by reinforced concrete
column and steel structure.
• The use of lumber in most construction is now limited
to floor, roof framing, studs, joists, ceiling and
paneling.
• Lumber material is fast becoming scarce and costly
despite of its becoming inferior in quality for being
produced from small younger trees.
• The most abundant wood and the cheapest
construction material sometime ago is now considered
a hot item commodities not to mention its prohibitive
price like gold.
WOOD
FLOOR SYSTEM
The wood floor system
includes:
a)Girders f) Trimmer
b)Floor joist g) Tail beam
c) Joist bridging h) Tongue and Groove flooring
d)Sill or Wood plate i) Draft stop plate
e)Header j) Ledger strip
Girder
- a principal beam extending from wall to wall or the
structural member that support the floor joists.
- Major horizontal support member upon which the floor
system is laid.
Girder may be either:
a. Solid
b. Built-up
Floor Joist
- Part of the floor system that support the floor boards.
- Are fastened on the girders at a distance from 30-40
centimeters rigidly secured by bridging to prevent from
turning sideways.
Sill
- That side part of a house that rest horizontally upon
the foundation.
- Further defined as those wood member fastened
with anchor bolts (spaced 2.00 meters) to the
foundation wall or beam
- Others call it wood plate
Header
- A short transverse joist that
supports the end of the cut-off
joist at a stair well hole.

Trimmer
- A supporting joist which
carries an end portion of a
header.
Flooring
- Refers to the tongue and groove board most common of wood flooring
materials.
- Could also mean other materials suitable for flooring other than T&G.
 Thickness of this wood board is from ¾” to 1 inch with varying
width that ranges from 4-6 inches.
ROOF
SYSTEM
ROOF SYSTEM
Several forms and popular varieties of shapes:

E
C AV D
N AR
CO ANS
M

OGEE
Types of Roof Frame
RAFTERS TYPE
- one of a series of sloped structural pieces, that
extend from the hip or ridge to eave, wall plate, or
downslope perimeter
TRUSS TYPE
- a web-like roof design of wood that uses
tension and compression to create strong, light
components that can span a long distance.

LAMINATED
- made with multiple layers of solid wood lumber
bonded together with high-strength adhesive to
form a single structural unit.
KINDS OF RAFTERS USED IN CONSTRUCTION

• Common Rafters
-are rafters extended at right
angle from the plate or girts to
the ridge

• Hip Rafters
-laid diagonally from the
corner of a plate or girts to
the ridge.
• Valley Rafters
-any rafters which does not
extend from the plate or
girts to the ridge.
• Jack Rafters
-the frame between the hip rafters and girts
classified as:

1. Hip Jack
-is the frame between the hip rafters
and girts.

2. Valley Jack
-is the frame between the ridge rafters
and the valley rafters.

3. Cripple Jack
-those frames between the hip and
the valley rafters.
• Octagonal Rafters
-are rafters placed on an octagonal shaped plate at the central apex
TRUSS
- Is a built up frame employed on a long span
roof unsupported by intermediate columns or
partitions.

- Is a design of a series of triangles used to

distribute load and stiffen the structure spacing
offering flexibility for the interior as well as
strength and rigidity.

- 2 types:
Light Trusses
Heavy Trusses
Light Trusses Includes:
Heavy Trusses Includes:
• Girts
-is that structural member that supports
the rafters or trusses of a building
• Collar Beam
-is the ties between rafters on opposite
sides of the roof
• Purlins
-is the structural member of a roof system
placed on top of the rafters where the
roofing materials are fastened
PURLINS SIZE AND SPACING
Span Size Length of Roof Purlins spacing
(cm) (in) (ft) (cm)

200 2x3 6 75
300 2x4 7 60
350 2x6 8 70
450 2x6 9 60
500 2x8 10 67
PURLINS SPACING IN METER
Length of roof sheet (m) Distance of purlins End lapping
150 60 30
200 57 30
250 55 30
300 68 30
350 64 30
400 60 30
450 60 30
500 67 30
550 65 30
600 63 30
Timber Framing Fasteners

NAILS
-rectangular in shape directly cut from a
metal strip, or with circular cross section
which were cut directly from wire called
common wire nails

BOLT
-the most popular hardware materials for
fastening timber joints under light or heavy
stresses.
Lag Screw
- is used to fasten large pieces of timber under
heavy stresses. Lag screw is preferred where bolts
are difficult to install.

Wood Screw
- is used to avoid splitting and injury to the wood
and to obtain better fitting, and ease of
disassembling when necessary.

Drift Bolts and Dowels

- are round or square iron or steel with or without
thread or point of specified length
Wooden Key
- made of a piece of hardwood rectangular cross section inserted between two lapping pieces of
lumber to prevent sliding of the adjacent member. The key could be parallel or inclined

Plate Washer
- used under the head and nut of bolt to prevent the head and nut from damaging the timber
when tightening the bolt. The thickness should not be less than ½ of the bolt diameter plus 1.5
mm
Intermediate Joints
Conditions in Making Intermediate Joints

1. Timber joints shall be within the centerline of

the members meeting on a common point so
as to prevent rotation at the joints.

2. For structures with similar stresses, wood

connections shall be provided with dapping
and notching at the strut to the adjoining
member using dowels, lag screw or nails to
keep the member in the design position.
3. Metal bearing plate bolted connections or
bearing blocks shall be specified for
structures with large stresses.

4. Pocket joints that will collect moisture

shall be avoided. All joints should be kept
aligned and as simple as possible for ease in
carpentry work.
5. When a strut is at right angle with the top
chord, a 20 mm dowel or 16 mm lag screw
should be used to hold the strut securely in
place. When the strut carries large stresses,
the ff. joints may be employed:
a) Butt block or Angle block
b) Steel S-Shaped bearing plate
c) Cast iron solid angle bear block
d) Cast iron angle bearing block with
web
• Butt Block –is a hard wood with the same
thickness as the top chord.

• Cast Iron Solid Bearing Block – a

solid block covering the whole width
of the top chord cast at holes not
less than 16mm thick provided with
a lug into the top chord.

• Cast Iron Bearing Block – a web

should have a minimum thickness of
20mm
• Center Joint of Howe Truss– this
type of joint is provided with a butt
or angle block at the center
intermediate joint.
• Peak Joint– has various types
depending upon the design as shown
on the following illustration
End Joints
Notching Top Chord and Lower Chord
• Splicing
-is the process of joining two pieces of materials in their longitudinal
direction, in order to transmit stresses from one member to the other.
• 3 Different ways of Splicing:
Lapping
joining one member to the other.

Scarfing
cutting away the opposite sides of two members than lap-jointed to obtain a
continuous piece of uniform thickness. Popularly termed as “half-lap”.

Fishing
joining two ends using two side blocks. Sometimes called “splice pads”.
Types of Splicing Tension Members
Glued Laminated Lumber

-Lumber intended for lamination do not

exceed 5 centimeters in thickness. In forming
any length, each wood layer is bended slowly
to a designed curve and shape.
However, when bending to a radius that is
too sharp to permit the use of 5 cm thick, a
nominal thickness of 2 cm is used.
They are securely laminated and bounded
together with good adhesive.
VARIOUS FROMS OF LAMINATED STRUCTURES
JOINERY
- Joint
the union of two or more smooth or even
surfaces admitting two or more pieces of
timber to a closed fitting or junction.
- Joinery
is a work of precision making that requires
not only accurate tooling but also accurate in
lay out
2 General classes according to the manner how
they are joined together.
1. Plain or Butt joint
2. Lap Joints
JOINERY
JOINERY