CHAPTER 6

COMPLEX STRESS
INTRODUCTION
2 • The most general state of stress at a point
may be represented by 6 components,
 x , y , z normal stresses
 xy ,  yz ,  zx shearing stresses
(Note :  xy   yx ,  yz   zy ,  zx   xz )

• Same state of stress is represented by a

different set of components if axes are
rotated.
• In practice, approximations and simplifications
are done to reduce the stress components to a
single plane.

9.1 Plane Stress Transformation

PLANE STRESS
3

• Plane Stress  state of stress in which two faces

of the cubic element are free of stress. For the
illustrated example, the state of stress is
defined by

 x ,  y ,  xy and  z   zx   zy  0.

• State of plane stress occurs in a thin plate

subjected to forces acting in the midplane of the
plate.

• State of plane stress also occurs on the free

surface of a structural element or machine
component, i.e., at any point of the surface not
subjected to an external force.

9.1 Plane Stress Transformation

PLANE STRESS TRANSFORMATION
4
• The material is then said to be subjected to plane
stress.
• For general state of plane stress at a pt, we
represent it via normal-stress components, x, y and
shear-stress component xy.

•Transforming stress components from one orientation

to the other is similar in concept to how we transform

force components from one system of axes to the

other.
•Note that for stress-component transformation, we
need to account for
- the magnitude and direction of each stress
component, and
- the orientation of the area upon which each
component acts.

9.1 Plane Stress Transformation

PROCEDURE OF ANALYSIS
(METHOD
5
OF EQUILIBRIUM)
If state of stress at a pt is known for a given orientation of an element of
material, then state of stress for another orientation can be determined.

9.1 Plane Stress Transformation

TRANSFORMATION OF PLANE STRESS
• consider the stress element has rotated through an angle θ as shown.

• As linear equations, the transformed

stresses are given by
                                    

145
SIGN CONVENTION
7
•Positive normal stresses, x and y, acts
outward from all faces
•Positive shear stress xy acts upward on the
right-hand face of the element.

•The orientation of the inclined plane is

determined using the angle .
•Establish a positive x’ and y’ axes using
the right-hand rule.
•Angle  is positive if it moves
counterclockwise from the +x axis to the
+x’ axis.

General Equation
TRANSFORMATION OF PLANE STRESS
8

…1

…2

…3

General Equation
PROCEDURE OF ANALYSIS
• To9apply equations -1 and -2, just substitute the known
data for x, y, xy, and  according to established sign
convention.
• If x’ and x’y’ are calculated as positive quantities, then
these stresses act in the positive direction of the x’ and
y’ axes.

• Tip: For your convenience, equations -1 to -3 can be

programmed on your pocket calculator.

General Equation
Example 6.1
The state of plane stress at a point is represented by the element
shown in figure. Determine the state of stress at the point on
another element oriented 30° clockwise from the position shown.
50 MPa
B
C

80 MPa

A
D 25 MPa

147
11

9.2 General Equation

PRINCIPAL STRESSES

148
PRINCIPAL STRESSES
13
• The previous equations are
combined to yield parametric
equations for a circle,
 x   ave 2   x2y  R 2
where
2
 x  y  x  y  2
 ave  R      xy
2  2 
• Principal stresses occur on the
principal planes of stress with
zero shearing stresses.
MAXIMUM SHEARING STRESS
14
Maximum shearing stress occurs for
 x   ave

Principle Stresses and Max. In-Plane Shear

Stress
 2
  x  y  2  1   2 
 max R  
   xy   
 2   2 
 x  y
tan 2 s  
2 xy
 x   y 1   2
    ave  
2 2
Mohr's Circle for Plane Stress
• a graphical representation of the stress transformation
equations
• all stresses on Mohr's circle are in-plane stresses

151
• Steps in constructing Mohr's circle:
1. Draw axes. ( positive to the right and
xy positive down)
2. Plot first point on circle. (x , xy )
3. Plot second point on circle. (y , - xy)
4. Draw a line between the two points.
This line is the diameter of the circle,
and it passes through the center of
the circle.
5. Draw a circle through the two points.

152
Stress Transformations

Principal Stresses and Maximum

Shear Stresses

153
 EXAMPLE 6.2
18

The state of plane stress at a

point on a body is shown on
the element in the figure given.
Represent this stress in terms
of the :
(a) principal stresses.
(b) maximum in-plane shear
stress and associated
average normal stress

9.3 Principle Stresses and Max. In-Plane Shear

19

9.3 Principle Stresses and Max. In-Plane Shear

20

9.3 Principle Stresses and Max. In-Plane Shear

21

9.3 Principle Stresses and Max. In-Plane Shear

22

9.3 Principle Stresses and Max. In-Plane Shear

23

9.3 Principle Stresses and Max. In-Plane Shear

 EXAMPLE 6.3
24 SOLUTION:
• Find the element orientation for the
principal stresses from
2 xy
tan 2 p 
 x  y

• Determine the principal stresses

from x  y  x  y 
2
2
 max,min       xy
For the state of plane stress 2 2  
shown, determine (a) the • Calculate the maximum shearing
principal planes, (b) the stress with 2
principal stresses, (c) the  x  y  2
 max      xy
maximum shearing stress and  2 
the corresponding normal
x  y
stress.  
2

9.3 Principle Stresses and Max. In-Plane Shear

 SOLUTION:
25
• Find the element orientation for the
principal stresses from
2 xy 2 40
tan 2 p    1.333
 x  y 50   10 
2 p  53.1, 233.1
 p  26.6, 116 .6

 x  50 MPa  xy  40 MPa • Determine the principal stresses

from 2
 x  10 MPa x  y  x  y  2
 max,min       xy
2  2 
 20  302  402
 max  70 MPa
 min  30 MPa

9.3 Principle Stresses and Max. In-Plane Shear

 • Calculate the maximum shearing
26 stress with
2
 x  y  2
 max      xy
 2 
 302  402
 max  50 MPa
 s   p  45
 x  50 MPa  xy  40 MPa
 s  18.4, 71.6
 x  10 MPa
• The corresponding normal
stress is  x   y 50  10
    ave  
2 2
   20 MPa

9.3 Principle Stresses and Max. In-Plane Shear

Exercise 1
The state of plane stress at a point is represented by the element
shown in figure. Represent this state of stress on an element
oriented 30° counterclockwise from the position shown.
12 MPa

8 MPa

6 MPa

-8.1962 MPa ; 12.1962 MPa ; 5.66 MPa

157
 EXAMPLE FOR L SHAPED

QUESTION:
A single horizontal force P of 600N magnitude is applied to end D of lever
ABD. Determine (a) the normal and shearing stresses on an element at point
H having sides parallel to the x and y axes, (b) the principal planes and
principal stresses at the point H.
SOLUTION:
1. DETERMINE AN EQUIVALENT FORCE-
COUPLE SYSTEM AT THE CENTER OF
THE TRANSVERSE SECTION PASSING
THROUGH H.
2. EVALUATE THE NORMAL AND SHEARING
STRESSES AT H.
3.DETERMINE THE PRINCIPAL PLANES AND
CALCULATE THE PRINCIPAL STRESSES.
 P  600N
T   600N  0.45m   270 N.m
M x   600N  0.25m   150 N.m

a)
• Evaluate the normal and shearing stresses at H.

y  
My

150N.m 0.015m 
4   0.015m 
4
I 1

  56.6 MPa

 xy  
Tc

 270 N.m 0.015m 
2   0.015m 
4
J 1

  50.9 MPa
  x  0  y  56.6 MPa  xy  50.9 MPa

Note that, the shearing force P Does not cause any shearing stress
at point H
b) • Determine the principal planes and calculate the principal
stresses.
2 xy 2 50.9 
tan 2 p    1.8
x  y 0  56.6
2 p  61.0,119
 p  30.5, 59.5
 2
 y    y 
 max,min  x   x    2
xy
2  2 
2
0  56.6  0  56.6 
  
2
    50.9
2  2 
 max  86.5 MPa
 min  29.9 MPa
EXAMPLE 2 (L SHAPE)

• Refer to word file