AV-231

ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD THEORY

Lectures No 1

“RECAP OF VECTOR ALGEBRA”

Text Book: Chapter 2

Section 2.1 – 2.5

Instructor: Sqn Ldr Khurram

Class: 86 (B)
Number of Slides: 56

Avionics Engineering Department •1

Welcome to Fourth Semester of

Avionics Engineering Course

 Class Objectives
• Important Instructions
• Course grading policy
• Class policies
• Introduction to subject
• Course breakdown
• Scalars and Vectors
• Vector Algebra
 Important Instructions
• Calculators
– Possession of own calculator
• Borrow/exchange of calculators during Quizzes/OHTs/ETT is
STRICTLY PROHIBITED
• Book
Frequently refer to the reference books and the text book. Many
test problems will come from the end of the chapter problems.
• Class Notes
– Not all that will be taught would be easy to find in text book /
reference books. Stay attentive in the class and make your
notes.
• You can be tested on any thing discussed in the class.
Tips
How to do well in this course (and others) and prepare to be a
successful engineer:

• Don't overload your schedule with courses and/or work;

• Aim toward becoming a good engineer;
• Don't miss classes;
• See lab as an inquiry - not following a cook book;
• Study daily, not just the four nights before tests;
• Ask questions, take notes;
• Don't rely on somebody else for homework.
• Pursue understanding of the principles - not just memorizing the
symbols in some Assignment problems and equations;
• Try to visualize phenomena - don't just manipulate math symbols;
• Relate this material to other courses.
• Revisit and reinforce the above three during the course, and, in your future
study.
• Read ahead, think in practical terms
 Quotes of the Day

• When some blessings come to you, do not

drive them away through thanklessness.
 GRADING POLICY

Grading Policy
Theory (80%) Lab (20%)
Quizzes 10-15% Practical / Lab 70-80%
OHTs 30-40%
Assignments 5-10% End Semester 20-30%
Exam
End Semester 40-50%
Exam
Textbook:
Elements of Electromagnetics by Matthew N. O. Sadiku (2nd Edition)
Recommended reference book:
Field and Wave Electromagnetic by David K Cheng (2nd Edition)
Engineering Electromagnetics by William H Hayt (2nd Edition)
Assignments
4 to 5, (Mostly End Chapter Problems)
Tests
Partially reflect Assignments and are certification that you learned what you
should from the Assignments and study. There will be Two OHTs.

Lab
Completion of all labs is required for course completion
 COURSE BREAKDOWN
• Vector Algebra
• Chapters 1, 2, 3

• Electrostatics
• Chapters 4, 5, 6

• Magnetostatics
• Chapters 7, 8
Electronics Student Evolution

AV-202 AV-231 AV-332 AV333 AV334

 ELECTROMAGNETICS
Electromagnetics is a branch of Physics or Electrical
Engineering in which electric and magnetic phenomena are
studied.

It may be regarded as the study of interactions between

electric charges at rest and in motion.

Applications

Microwave Antenna
Electric Machines Satellite Communications
Bioelectromagnetics Radar meteorology
Remote Sensing Electromagnetic Interference and
Compatibility
 SCALARS

• A scalar quantity is a quantity that has magnitude only

and has no direction in space

Examples of Scalar Quantities:

 Length
 Area
 Volume
 Time
 Mass
 VECTORS

• A vector quantity is a quantity that has both

magnitude and a direction in space
Examples of Vector Quantities:
 Displacement
 Velocity
 Acceleration
 Force
 VECTOR DIAGRAMS

• Vector diagrams are

shown using an
arrow
• The length of the
arrow represents its
magnitude
• The direction of the
arrow shows its
direction
 RESULTANT OF TWO VECTORS

 The resultant is the sum or the combined effect of

two vector quantities

Vectors in the same direction:

6N 4N = 10 N

6m
= 10 m
4m

Vectors in opposite directions:

6 m s-1 10 m s-1 = 4 m s-1

6N 10 N = 4N
PARALLELOGRAM LAW

 When two vectors are joined

tail to tail
 Complete the parallelogram
 The resultant is found by
drawing the diagonal

TRIANGLE LAW
 When two vectors are joined
head to tail
 Draw the resultant vector by
completing the triangle
 EX PROBLEM : RESULTANT OF
TWO VECTORS
Two forces are applied to a body, as shown. What is the magnitude and
direction of the resultant force acting on the body?

Solution:
 Complete the parallelogram (rectangle)
 The diagonal of the parallelogram ac

represents the resultant force

 The magnitude of the resultant is found using

Pythagoras’ Theorem on the triangle abc a

12 N d
2 2
Magnitude  ac  12  5 θ 13
N

N
5
5
ac  13 N
12 b
12
c
Direction of ac : tan  
5
1 12
   tan  67  Resultant displacement is 13 N 67º
5
with the 5 N force
EX PROBLEM : RESULTANT OF THREE
VECTORS
Find the magnitude (correct to two decimal places) and direction of the
resultant of the three forces shown below.
Solution:
 Find the resultant of the two 5 N forces first (do right angles first)

ac  52  52  50  7.07 N
5 d 5 c
tan    1    45
5

N
Now find the resultant of the 10 N and 5

N
5

07


7.
7.07 N forces
 The 2 forces are in a straight line (45º + 90º
45º θ

N
a b
135º = 180º) and in opposite directions 135º 5 N

93
2.
So, Resultant = 10 N – 7.07 N = 2.93 N
N

10
in the direction of the 10 N force
UNIT VECTORS
 OLD SCHOOL

• Consider vector B, which is expressed as B and θ

where B is the magnitude and θ is the direction
• We know that the vector has components in the x
and y axis (every vector does)
Bx and By
• We can find these components using trig functions
and pythag theorem
• We always MUST consider the x and y
components of a vector to do any type of
physics or math problems
 NEW SCHOOL

• Vectors can also be expressed in terms of unit

vectors
• A unit vector is a dimensionless vector having a
magnitude of exactly 1
– The unit vector is only used to specify a given
direction

– i, j, k are used to represent unit vectors pointing in

the direction of the positive x, y, z directions
• If we go back to vector B, now we can express it as
B at θ = Bx i + By j
since Bx is in the i direction
and By is in the j direction

So any position vector R can be written as

R = Rx i + Ry j (+ Rz k)

Ex. If R = 15 m @ 35o , it can be broken into x=12.29 m

and y=8.6 m so…
R = 12.29 i + 8.6 j m
Adding vectors in unit vector form becomes very
easy

A + B, where
A = Ax i + Ay j , B = Bx i + By j

So if A + B = C, then
C = (Ax + Bx) i + (Ay + By) j

And once we have C, then we can still find it’s polar

coordinates, or magnitude and direction (pythag & trig)
• Sometimes we will do 3 dimensional problems.
You can actually still use pythag theorem to find
the resultant magnitude, but never anything
with angles (at least for us)
• You can add, subtract, and multiply unit vectors,
just like before
ex. Find 5A where A = Ax i + Ay j
5A = 5Ax i + 5Ay j
Find the sum of two vectors a) in unit vector
notation and b) polar coordinates if
A = 2i + 2j and B = 2i – 4j
A vector is a quantity that has both magnitude and
direction. It is represented by an arrow. The length of
the vector represents the magnitude and the arrow
indicates the direction of the vector.

Blue and orange Blue and purple Blue and green

vectors have vectors have vectors have
same magnitude same magnitude same direction
but different and direction so but different
direction. they are equal. magnitude.
Two vectors are equal if they have the same direction and
magnitude (length).
 How can we find the magnitude if we Q
have the initial point and the terminal x 2 , y 2 
point? The distance formula
Terminal
g th Point
l en
h e
t
is
d e
n itu is
ag io n
m e c t le
Initial dir ang
s
Point thi
x1 , y1 
P
How can we find the direction? (Is this all looking familiar
for each application? You can make a right triangle and
use trig to get the angle!)
Although it is possible to do this for Q
any initial and terminal points, since xx, 2
2 , yy 
vectors are equal as long as the
direction and magnitude are the Terminal
same, it is easiest to find a vector Point
with initial point at the origin and
terminal point (x, y). A vector whose
initial point is
n is the origin is
c tio called a
e le
Initial dir ang position vector
s
Point thi
0x1,, 0y1
P If we subtract the initial point from the
terminal point, we will have an
equivalent vector with initial point at
the origin.
To
To add
add vectors,
vectors, we we put
put the
the initial
initial point
point ofof the
the second
second
vector
vector onon the
the terminal
terminal point
point ofof the
thefirst
first vector.
vector. The The
resultant
resultant vector
vector has
has an
an initial
initial point
point atat the
the initial
initial point
point
of
of the
thefirst
first vector
vector and
and aaterminal
terminal point
point at at the
the terminal
terminal
point
point ofof the
thesecond
second vector
vector (see
(seebelow--better
below--bettershown shown
than
thanputput inin words).
words).
Terminal
point of w

vw w
w

Initial point of v
v Move w over keeping
the magnitude and
direction the same.
The negative of a vector is just a vector going the opposite
way.

v

v
A number multiplied in front of a vector is called a scalar.
It means to take the vector and add together that many
times.

3v v
v
v
 v Using the vectors shown,
find the following:
u w u
uv
v
 3w
w uv
w
w u
v

2u  3w  v v
u w
u w
w
 This is the notation for a
Vectors are denoted with position vector. This means
bold letters the point (a, b) is the
a terminal point and the initial
v   
b
point is the origin.
a
v     ai  bj
b We use vectors that are only 1
unit long to build position
(a, b) vectors. i is a vector 1 unit long
in the x direction and j is a vector
j 1 unit long in the y direction.
i (3, 2)
j
 3 j
v    i i i v  3i  2 j
 2
 If we want to add vectors that are in the form ai + bj, we can
just add the i components and then the j components.

v  2i  5 j w  3i  4 j
v  w   2i  5 j  3i  4 j  i  j
When we want to know
the magnitude of the
Let's look at this geometrically: vector (remember this is
the length) we denote it
Can you 3i
see from
this picture
w  4j v   2  5
2 2

5j v
how to find
the length j  29
of v?  2i i
 A unit vector is a vector with magnitude 1.
If we want to find the unit vector having the same
direction as a given vector, we find the magnitude of the
vector and divide the vector by that value.

w  3i  4 j What is w ?

 3    4 
2 2
w   25  5
If we want to find the unit vector having the same direction
as w we need to divide w by 5.

3 4 Let's check this to see if it really is

u i j 1 unit long.
5 5 3  4
2
25
2

u       1
5  5 25
If we know the magnitude and direction of the vector, let's
see if we can express the vector in ai + bj form.

v  5,   150
As usual we can use the trig
we know to find the length
in the horizontal direction
and in the vertical direction.
5
150
v  v  cos  i  sin  j

5 3 5
v  5cos150i  sin 150 j   i j
2 2
 Distance Vector

If two points P and Q are given by (xp, yp, zp) and (xq, yq, zq), the
distance vector (or separation Vector) is the displacement from P
to Q.
P
rPQ

rP
Q

rQ
O
 Vector Multiplication

For two vectors

Scalar Product (dot) A·B

Vector Product (cross) AxB

For three vectors

Scalar Triple Product A · (B x C)

Vector Triple Product A x (B x C)
 Dot Product

The dot Product of two vectors A and B is defined

geometrically as the product of the magnitude of B and the
projection of A onto B (or vice versa).

A ∙ B = AB cosθAB

where θAB is the angle between A and B

If A = (Ax, Ay, Az) and B = (Bx, By, Bz)

A ∙ B = AxBx + AyBy + AzBz

 Properties of Dot Product

(i) Commutative Law

A·B = B·A

(ii) Distributive Law

A · (B + C) = A · B + A · C

(iii) A · A = |A|2 = A2

Also ax · ay = ay · az = az · ax = 0

ax · ax = ay · ay = az · az = 1
 Cross Product
The cross product of two vectors A and B is defined as

A x B = AB sinθABan

Where an is a unit vector normal to the plane containing A and

B. The direction of an is taken as the direction of right thumb
when fingers of right hand rotate from A to B.
 Cross Product

If A = (Ax, Ay, Az) and B = (Bx, By, Bz) then

ax ay az
AxB= Ax Ay Az
Bx By Bz
 Properties of Cross Product
(i) It is not commutative
AxB ≠ BxA
AxB = -BxA

(ii) It is not associative

A x (B x C) ≠ (A x B) x C

(iii) It is distributive
A x (B + C) = A x B + A x C

(iv) AxA =0

Also ax x ay = az
ay x az = ax
a xa = a
 Scalar Triple Product

For three vectors A, B and C

A ∙ (B x C) = B ∙ (C x A) = C ∙ (A x B)
 Vector Triple Product

For three vectors A, B and C

 Component of a Vector

Projection or component of a vector can be determined using

vector product.

The projection can be scalar or vector.

Given a vector A, we define the scalar component AB of A

along B as

or
 Component of a Vector

The vector component AB of A along B is simply the scalar

component multiplied by unit vector along B.
 Example 1.5

Given vectors find the

angle between A and B.
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS ?
 NEXT TIME
•Cartesian, Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates